Stuttering :: Biology Essays Research Papers

IIIII Can Can Cant Heeeelp It Stuttering to the TruthStuttering is something the stutterer does, not something he has, because of something he is. --Wendell Johnson Can you view not being able to introduce yourself without struggling to pronounce your own name? What would your life be like if you had to battle every time you verbalise hello? How would you feel if a mob of security guards surrounded you at Wal-Mart because an employee had mistaken you for being mentally ill ((1))? These are just a hardly a(prenominal) scenarios that 42-year-old Kurt Salierno, a carpenter and minister from Atlanta, encounters everyday. Salierno has a stuttering disorder, which more than 3 million people in the United States and 55 million people around the public struggle with daily. Salierno describes his problem as similar to being pin down in a glass capsule I can see out, but theres no way to get out ((1)). Saliernos feelings and views about what he experiences raises some interesting question s. What is reality like for a person with a stuttering disorder? Is the I that is trapped inside the capsule representative of the self that he cannot express due to his disorder? Internally, Salierno is conscious of the words, which he wishes to express. However, Salierno is seldom able to produce these words externally. Does a stutterer create his or her own reality within his or her mind? To the stutterer, does independent experience become reality? With reference to the philosophical position experiment about the tree falling in a forest, does a stutterer make a sound if no one can elate him or her make that sound? Stuttering is a neurological disorder of communication, from which the normal flow of speech is disrupted by repetitions (neu-neu-neuro), prolongations (biiiii-ol-ooogy), or abnormal stoppages (no sound) of sounds and syllables. Rapid middle blinking, tremors of the lips and/or jaw, or other struggle behaviors of the face or upper body may accompany speech disrupti ons ((3)). Why does stuttering worsen in situations that consume dissertation before a group of people or talking on the phone, whereas fluency of speech improves in situations such as whispering, acting, talking to pets, speaking alone, or singing ((1))? In ancient times, physicians believed that the stutterers tongue was either too long or too short, too wet or too dry. Therefore, practitioners from the mid-1800s essay surgical remedies such as drilling holes into the skull or cutting pieces of the tongue out to eliminate stuttering ((1) ).

The Three Most Important Things I Learned in Economics Class :: Class Reflection

The three most important things I wise(p) in sparings ClassThe first important concept I learned was the goals of monetary policy. The primary goal of a central bank is price stability (low and stable inflation). Some of the federal officials (short for the Federal Reserve Bank) other concerns ar utmost employment economic growthstability of monetary marketsinterest rate stabilitystability in foreign exchange marketsThe Fed desires to produce high employment because the condition of high unemployment, the alternative, creates idle workers and idle resources. This leads to closed factories, unused equipment and materials, ultimately decreasing our GDP. Now, let me further explain that the goal for high unemployment is not an unemployment level of zero, rather a level above zero where labor demand equals labor supply. This is known as the natural rate of unemployment.Economic growth focuses on encouraging firms to invest or encouraging people to save, which in turn creates funds f or firms to invest. It runs hand-in-hand with the goal of high employment because in enact for firms to be comfortable investing in assets such as plants and equipment, unemployment must be low. Hereby, the people and resources will be available to spur economic growth.If financial markets are instable, it will lead to sharp contraction of economic activity. For example, in this most recent financial crisis, a deterioration in financial institutions rest sheets, along with asset price decline and interest rate hikes increased market uncertainty thus, worsening what is called adverse selection and clean-living hazard. This is a serious dilemma created before business transactions occur which information is misleading and promotes doing business with the most undesirable clients by a financial institution. In turn, these most undesirable clients later engage in undesirable behavior. All of this leads to a decline in economic activity, more adverse selection and moral hazards, a ban king crisis and further declining in economic activity. Ultimately, the banking crisis came and unanticipated price level increases and even further declines in economic activity. Interest-rate stability is very important for the Fed to control because otherwise consumers, like you and I, will be reluctant to buy things like houses due to the fluctuation which will make it harder to plan for the future.The value of the US dollar relevant to other currencies is a major consideration for the Federal Reserve. If they prevent large changes in the value of the dollar, firms and individuals can comfortably plan frontward to purchase or sell goods abroad.

Richard M. Nixon :: essays research papers fc

Early Life Richard Milhous Nixon grew up in Yorba, California the son of Quakers Frank and Hannah Nixon. During Nixons childhood in Yorba, the family was always on the edge of poverty. The lemon grove was unfruitful, and there was little m 1y for anything beyond food and clothing for the growing family. The Nixons never ate in a restaurant or took even a brief vacation. Nixons early life was one of boyish stubbornness. He swam in the dangerous Anaheim distribution channel in spite of repeated warnings from his father, and he insisted upon standing up to ride in the family wagon, although once a fall gave him a serious head injury. He displayed a competitive streak at an early age and would never turn down a challenge or a dare. He similarly loved to be read to, and after age five he could read on his own. National Geographic was his favorite magazine. Education Nixon graduate socio-economic class high school in 1930. He possessed extraordinary intelligence and ambition, but his ambitious nature received a serious setback that year. He graduated first in his class and won his high schools Harvard Club award as "best all-around student." The award was a scholarship to Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In addition, he seemed likely to win a scholarship to Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. Nixon had dreamed for years of going to a known college in the East, but his dreams were shattered when he had to turn down both opportunities. Because his older brother Harolds long battle with tuberculous had drained the familys funds there was no money to pay for the cost of traveling to the East Coast and living there. Nixon swallowed his disappointment and enrolled at nearby Whittier College. Nixon majored in history, and one of his history professors had a profound influence on his career. This was Dr. Paul Smith, whom Nixon called "the greatest intellectual inspiration of my early years." Smith was a Republican who urged his stu dents to think close the importance of leadership in government. He encouraged them to consider entering public office, and he certainly helped turn Nixons thoughts in that direction. In 1934 Nixon graduated from Whittier College after four years on the honor roll. He applied for a scholarship to a new law school, at Duke University in Durham, due north Carolina, and asked several of his professors to write to Duke, recommending him for a scholarship.

growaw Unfulfilled Edna Pontellier of Kate Chopins The Awakening Ess

Unfulfilled Edna of The Awakening As evidenced in Kate Chopins The Awakening, and other novels of the 1800s, women writers of this period seem to feel really repressed. Leonce Pontellier seemed to be fond of his wife, and treated her as one would treat a loved pet. In the beginning of the story it describes him as looking at her as a valuable piece of personal property. He does not value her fully as a human being more as a piece of property. However, he expects her to be everything he thinks she should be. Her children also expect total sacrifice from her. She obviously feels unfulfilled in life and inadequate in many facets. She does not feel like an artist, she does not feel like a satisfied wife or mother. Since she does not feel like she has an literal life, that is why it is easy to kill herself. It is at the end when she views the sea as the rolling,endless meadow that the sees a life without constrictions. She finally feels free and at peace. The Awakening is an emotion ally unsatisfying story. It is the story of a women, Edna, who tries unsuccessfull...

Salmeterol : The Optimization of an Asthmatic Drug :: Medical Biology Asthma Medicine

Salmeterol The Optimization of an Asthmatic DrugAbstractAsthma can be found in so many people all crossways world. Asthma is not biasedsex, race, or country does not matter. Asthma affects a large percent of the globalpopulation. Becoming aware of this is the front step. Now, development a drug in use,salmeterol, I want to optimize this drug to make it better by giving it varied analogs,which will give it different properties. Using the latest technology in the Chemistry Lab,Gaussview and Gaussian 03W aided me in creating models for these analogs andoptimizing them.3Imagine you are a cross country set-back competing in the annual Mt. Sac CrossCountry Invitational. The finish line is just forwards, and the crowd is going wild withexcitement. The top runner is slightly ahead of you, and you decide to sprint the last fiftyyards to the finish line, hopefully to attain first place. Nearing the finish line, yousuddenly energize trouble breathing, and your heartbeat becomes irregular. You quickly score you are having an acute asthma attack and pull out your inhaler. With a deepbreath and a small puff, you feel better. However, the time it took to complete the treat cost you, and you will have to settle with second place. Better luck next timeAsthma is a growing chronic condition in America and has taken quite a toll onAmericans. According to the American Academy of Allergy Asthma & Immunology (1),approximately twenty million Americans have asthma, half of which are specifically fromallergic asthma. With so many people with the condition, it is no surprise that in 2001, aquarter of all Emergency fashion visits were caused by asthma. As a result, health costsfor asthma have soared and have hit ten billion dollars annually. Unfortunately, notevery person has been able to survive the effects of asthma, and approximately fivethousand deaths occur due to asthma yearly. Though the sole cause of asthma isunknown, there are several(prenominal) probable hypotheses as to why one would attain asthma (7).As a result, asthma awareness must be spread. Not only does a large part of theAmerican population have this condition, but they also do not know how they got thecondition. This has led me to create a goal to optimize salmeterol, a drug used forasthma. However, many do not know what asthma is.4To fully grasp the concept of asthma, one must first analyze the system that itaffects the respiratory system, which controls the inhalation and exhalation of air.Following the pathway of air, it begins in the atmosphere and enters the body through

Salmeterol : The Optimization of an Asthmatic Drug :: Medical Biology Asthma Medicine

Salmeterol The Optimization of an Asthmatic DrugAbstractAsthma can be found in so many people all across world. Asthma is not biasedsex, race, or country does not matter. Asthma affects a large percent of the globalpopulation. Becoming aware of this is the first base step. Now, utilize a drug in use,salmeterol, I want to perfect this drug to make it better by giving it divers(prenominal) analogs,which will give it different properties. Using the latest technology in the Chemistry Lab,Gaussview and Gaussian 03W aided me in creating models for these analogs andoptimizing them.3Imagine you are a cross country smuggler competing in the annual Mt. Sac CrossCountry Invitational. The finish line is just onward, and the crowd is going wild withexcitement. The top runner is slightly ahead of you, and you decide to sprint the last fiftyyards to the finish line, hopefully to attain first place. Nearing the finish line, yousuddenly claim trouble breathing, and your heartbeat becomes irre gular. You quickly lay down you are having an acute asthma attack and pull out your inhaler. With a deepbreath and a small puff, you feel better. However, the time it took to complete the swear out cost you, and you will have to settle with second place. Better luck next timeAsthma is a growing chronic condition in America and has taken quite a toll onAmericans. According to the American Academy of Allergy Asthma & Immunology (1),approximately twenty million Americans have asthma, half of which are specifically fromallergic asthma. With so many people with the condition, it is no surprise that in 2001, aquarter of all Emergency get on visits were caused by asthma. As a result, health costsfor asthma have soared and have hit ten billion dollars annually. Unfortunately, notevery person has been fitting to survive the effects of asthma, and approximately fivethousand deaths occur due to asthma yearly. Though the sole cause of asthma isunknown, there are several(prenominal) probable h ypotheses as to why one would attain asthma (7).As a result, asthma awareness must be spread. Not only does a large part of theAmerican population have this condition, but they also do not know how they got thecondition. This has led me to create a goal to optimize salmeterol, a drug used forasthma. However, many do not know what asthma is.4To fully grasp the concept of asthma, one must first analyze the system that itaffects the respiratory system, which controls the inhalation and exhalation of air.Following the pathway of air, it begins in the atmosphere and enters the body through

Diversity: Key Attributes

Bus 520 Week 1 Case Diversity Competency 1. Which key attributes of the diversity competency be illustrated in this case? Give a specific example of each attributes identified. The key attributes of the diversity competency that were illustrated in this case are embracing and developing personal team or organizational tendencies and learning from individuals, teams, or organizations with different characteristics, experiences, perspectives, and backgrounds. Accenture incorporated these attributes by introducing Back-up Dependent Care, Lifework, and Future Leave programs. . Which key attributes of the self-competency are illustrated by Chris Tserng in this case? Give a specific example of each attribute identified. The key attributes of the self competency that were illustrated by Chris Tserng are taking righteousness for managing oneself and career over time and through stressful circumstances assessing and establishing ones own developmental personal, and work-related goals. In t he case, Chris had been at Accenture for ten years in front she started a family.Once the baby was born, she planned to take her scheduled maternity leave and vacation time. During the time she was off, Chris hired a caregiver however the caregiver could not start when Chris was ready to work. Chris took advantage of the Future Leave program. This program allows employees to address personal and family issues while preserving their careers. 3. Which key attributes of the change competency are illustrated in this case? Give a specific example of each attribute identified.Accenture illustrated the following key attributes of change competency Seeking gaining, sharing, and applying new knowledge in the pursuit of constant improvement, creativity, and entirely new approaches or goals, applying processes to introduces and achieve organizational change. Accenture conducted internal surveys through out(a) the company. The company collected the data from the surveys and found out what wa s important to their employees. With this information, Accenture introduce several programs that allowed employees to balance their personal and professional lives.

Comparrison of the Color Purple Book and Movie

lHaley Sullivan Think of the person who means most to you in life. Now imagine what life would be like if you never saw or heard from them again. This is what happens to Celie, the main character in the legend The Color Purple written by Alice Walker and the movie The Color purple directed by Steven Spielberg. The romance The color purple was published in 1982. The story is told through letters written by Celie to God. The only sentences outside the letters are the for the first time two You better not never tell nobody. Itd kill your mammy. The story follows Celie throughout her life starting from when she was 14.Celie is a poor black young woman from the south who is verbally physically and sexually abused by all the men in her life, mainly her father and husband. The only person she has ever left(a) truly passiond her is her sister Nettie. The two are inseparable until Nettie is forced away and never allowed to see or speak to Celie again. Celie writes letters to God becau se today that Netties gone she has no one else to talk to. She writes about Mr. ___ her husband, his family who becomes somewhat hers, and Shug Avery. Shug is Mr. ___s lover who comes to stay with Mr. ___ and Celie because she was very sick. Shug takes a strong liking to Celie and evil versa.Shug helps Celie see that she is a beautiful woman and that she isnt worthless like people in her past had made her believe. Thanks to Shugs guidance love and support Celie breaks free of the hold Mr. ___ once had on her and finally stands up for herself. The movie The Color Purple was directed by Steve Spielberg and was released in 1985. The movie remain true to the novel in only a few ways. The movie is not told through letters because that would have been too complicated to stage. In the novel you get to learn more about Netties life along with Celies, while in the movie you only see Celies side of the story.The movie uses many different aspects of film to emphasize its beauty and emotiona l feeling of the novel. For example Steven focuses a lot on color in the shooting of the film. The scenery, no matter where being piquantness, has an undertone of browns and greens. Then in significant scenes there are pops of purple or pinks to show that youre supposed to be noticing something or to emphasize what the characters are talking about. Steven Spielberg similarly uses high and low angles to show who has power during certain scenes. So whenever Mr. ___ and Celie are having a conversation Mr. __ is always shot from a low angle to show that he has power over Celie, and Celie is shot from a high angle to show that she has less power than Mr. ___. Spielberg also used numerous voice-overs in the film to narrate thoughts during moments that silence was incorporated. So from all the information and observations Ive gathered Ive decided my thesis is that, the novel The color purple written by Alice walker is better than the movie directed by Steven Spielberg. I believe this sta tement to be true because when it comes to the enlarge and complexities of the characters in the story the movie sells the book short.The movie shows the characters relations with each other to be very one sided while in the novel characters give way much deeper relationships with each other. I also liked the book better because it really allowed you to see inside Celies head. You felt the pain with her as you represent her heartfelt letters to God about her hardships and, everyone in a while, moments of supreme joy. I did appreciate the acting in the movie though. Whoopi Goldberg and Oprah Winfrey were discovered because of the film.

Classroom Observation Critique Essay

The goal of using think clamorously in recital a text is to help students develop the ability to monitor their reading comprehension and use strategies to facilitate understanding. Studies show that students who verbalize their thoughts while reading score signifi contributetly higher on comprehension tests. The T severallyerThe teacher has a pleasing personality, which I think the reason that draws pupils eyes to the teachers face and listen to her voice. For the whole duration of my teaching profession, I have spy that the teachers appearance greatly affects students attention. The more beautiful the teacher is, the more attentive the students are, especially at the opening of layeres. This led me to recall my round-eyed and high school years when I liked more my pretty teachers than those that are not so pretty. As a teacher right now, this can be very subjective and should not to be the sole basis in assessing teacher performance. However, every teacher should strive to look at their top hat every day.The teacher is confident and shows mastery of the subject matter. I believe this is very important because it is where we build trust from our students. And because the students trust you, they are more than involuntary to open themselves and ask you everything they need to know.The teacher answers the students questions in a simple and understandable way. In this manner, there is total understanding on the part of the students. all teacher should make sure that all questions and clarifications raised by the students must be thoroughly answered and cleared.The teacher maintains discipline and control of the class. I believe this is atomic number 53 strong aspect of classroom management. At the beginning of the class, the teacher sets the mood where she is enthusiastic and maintains a warm and friendly atmosphere conducive to learning. She also avoids make embarrassing remarks or so the students ideas or actions. In return, the students respect and ad mire her. She successfully establishes rapport with her students. The Teaching ProcedureIntroduction/Before interpretThe teacher starts with a class discussion What strategies do good readers use to make meaning of the text? In a class size of 20-30, each student is given the chance to speak of his/her thoughts. This follows that smaller class size is more well-attended to by the teacher compared with 40-50 students in a class, where, completely a reckon of the students speak up because it would take a lot of time and the teacher is obliged to proceed to the next activity. After which, the teacher presents the term think a blasting to the students and have them brainstorm and report on how it might be used in reading.The groups of four (4) actually make the correct guesses on how they understand the term given. Then, the teacher distributes the bookmarks with different strategies of thinking aloud written on it. Later, strips of paper with definitions of the strategies are distr ibuted for matchmaking. Before the answers are revealed, the students are tasked to what they think of the strategies. In this kind of activity, the students jerk off to compare their reports/answers with the list given and survey themselves how often they use these active reading strategies before. During ReadingStudents receive three post it notes. They label them BEFORE training, DURING READING and AFTER READING. The use of colorful post it notes in this activity keeps the flow of active participation. Colors, especially the bright ones, add life to our classroom activities. This is because colors obtain our creative expression, lending excitement and interest. The use of small things like the bookmarks and post its, enhances students manipulative tendencies. They are also readily available and very handy. Teachers should keep a stack of these. As the teacher models think aloud, students write down on their post it notes what strategies the reader uses before reading, during r eading, and after reading.This involves the teacher thinking out loud when working through the problems in the text and demonstrating processes for the students. However, the attention of students is very important. They have to listen and observe well. Then, one after another, the students read the remaining paragraphs in the class and model the kind of think aloud strategy he/she chooses. This is the part where students are provided with enough practice, collaboration, repetition and hands on activity until the students learn on their own.The above activities, as a whole, give more teacher involvement at first then later, there is less teacher involvement, that is, he/she should only guide the students while they have total responsibility in attaining the required skill. After ReadingThe class conducts 3-2-1 activity3 things learned, 2 things liked about the lesson, 1 question one still have. Again, each one has the chance to speak in front. Questions and interpretations are clari fied, where the students remember what they have individually created in their minds from the text. This serves the direct purpose of post reading activity which is to provide the students the chance to ask questions concerning their assignments and extension of lesson. Enrichment ActivityThe students are grouped into four and read a imitate of a poem that isunfamiliar to each group while using think aloud strategies.The future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams. Eleanor Roosevelt

Notes on Lecture Principles of Economics

Book Principles of Economics (N. Gregory Mankiw) http//admin. wadsworth. com/ option_uploads/static_resources/0324168624/8413/Mankiw_TenPrinciple_Videos. html Introduction prudence Greek the 1 who manages the household srail mode carcity the limited nature of societys resources economics the study of how society manages it? s scarce resources providence a group of peck interacting with one a nonher as they go about their lives important management of society? s resources resources ar sc ar most societies, resources are every(prenominal)ocated non by a single household, scarcely through the combined action of millions of households and firms Economist study how people do work decisions how frequently they must invent what they procure how a redeeming(prenominal) deal they save how they invest their savings, how people interact with each(prenominal) some another(prenominal) also analyze forces and trends that effect the prudence as a whole, including the growth in come income and the rate at which outlays are rising Ten Principles of Economics How people turn over decisions 1 People face exchange gains There is no such occasion as a free lunch. To get one desired thing, usu eachy required giving up a nonher desired thing making decisions ( handicraft off one goal against another e. How I spend my money (save/invest) The subject I want to study The job I want to work in The meal I am going to permit The place where I want to live or to study abroad classical tradeoffs guns & cover (e. g. reducing pollution vs. low wages and high producing cost) efficiency & equity conflicts when government policies are being designed efficiency the property of society acquire the most it can from its scarce sources (size of economic pie) equity the property of distri merelying economic prosperity fairly among the members of society (how the pie is drainage basind) 2 The cost of something is what you give up to get it be do people face tradeoffs, m aking decisions requires comparing the costs and proceedss of alternative courses of action (often cost of some item not as obvious e. g. each(prenominal) the incoming cost when purposed to study money & time) fortune cost whatever must be stipulation to obtain some item (How ofttimes do I have to give up = flyer for the trade-off) e. g. start a Masters Course or not alternatives (opportunity costs running(a) work & travel another Bachelor Internship (each decision causes new Costs. marginal costs? ) 3 reasonable People think of the Margin e. g. examination not black & white blow of vs 24h studying ( decisions are shades of gray (air melody) e. g. average cots of seat $500, marginal cost bag of peanuts & soda (e. g. $20) marginal changes underage incremental (schrittweise, zunehmend) adjustments to a plan of action (adjustments around the edge of what you are doing) e. g. thinking of the alternatives of not proceeding with a Masters course (opp. Cost), but start to work di rectly after the B. A. ( marginal costs lower wage little(prenominal) career possibilities marginal benefits a wage at all BUT altogether profitable when marginal benefit of the action exceeds the marginal costs 4 People respond to incentives although comparing costs & benefits (c & b) behaviour may change when costs or benefit change ( d. h. people respond to incentives effect of hurt on the behaviour of bribeers & sellers is crucial e. g. outlay of an apple origins vendee decide to buy pears fewer apples bec. cost of buying apple is higher sellers hire more than(prenominal) workers & harvest more apples bec. enefit of selling one is higher e. g. form _or_ system of government changes tax on gasoline encourage people to drive smaller, more fuel-efficient cars or public transportation etc. ( when analyzing policy we must consider not only the direct effects but also the indirect effects that work through incentives (e. g seat belt law) if the policy changes incentives, it will cause people to alter their behaviour e. g. when receiving an income parents (money) for studying it might change the incentive to work and earn own money How people interact 5 sell can make everyone better off rade bw. Two countries can make each state better off e. g. each family in the economy is competing with all other families (despite comp family would not be better off isolating itself but gains such(prenominal) from its cogency to trade with others) ( trade allows each someone (country) to specialize in the activities he or she does best by trading with others, people can buy a greater variety of easilys and overhauls at lower costs e. g. 6 Markets are commonly a good way to organize economic activity . firms decide whom to hire & what to make ouseholds decide which firms to work for & what to buy with their incomes ( these firms & households interact in the merchandiseplace, where prices & self-interest guide decisions in a commercialise economy nobody is looking put for economic soundly-being society as a whole free marketplaces contain m all buyers & sellers of numerous goods & inspection and repairs all primarily own well-being ( yet despite decentralized decisionmaking and self-interested decisionmakers market economies have proven successful in organizing economic activity in a way that promotes overall economic ell-being ( invisible hand (Adam Smith 1776) does not ensure that economic prosperity is distributed fairly ( prices are the instrument with which the invisible hand directs economic activity ( price have to adjust naturally to fork up and take aim ( Prices reflect both value of a good to society & the cost to society of making the good ( bec. ouseholds & firms look at prices when deciding what to buy & sell unk straight offingly consider the social benefits & costs of their own actions ( prices guide these individual decisionmakers to reach outcomes that often maximize the welfare of society as a whole market econ omy an economy that allocates (zuteilen) resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services (vs centrally planned economies, like in communism) 7 Government can sometimes improve market outcomes or ii broad reasons ( to promote efficiency and equity most policies aim either enlarge the economic pie, or to change how its devided invisible hand usually leads markets to allocate resources efficiently, but sometimes it does not work for various reasons ( market failure a situation in which a market left on its own, fails to allocate resources efficiently (Marktversagen) one possible reason ( externality the push of one persons actions on the well-being of a bystander (unbeteiligter Dritter e. g. pollution (external cost) or creation of knowledge (external benefit) (Externalitat) another possible reason arket power the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices (Marktmacht) (e. g. only one well monopoly ( regulation of the price by the government can potentially enhance economic efficiency) How they economy as a whole works 8 A countrys standard of living depends on its ability to enkindle goods and services the growth rate of a countries productivity determines the growth rate of its average income productivity the amount of goods and services produces from each hour of a workers time undamental relationship bw. productivity & living standards is simple, but its implications are far-reaching 9 Prices raising when the government prints to much money e. g. 1921 German newspaper 0,30 Mark 1923 70,000,000 Mark ( pomposity splashiness an make up in the overall level of prices in the economy (Anstieg des Preisniveaus der Volkswirtschaft) reason growth in the touchstone of the money reduces value of the money bec. high inflations imposes various costs on society, keeping inflation at a low level is a goal of economic poli cymakers around the world 10. Society faces a short-term trade-off between inflation and unemployment Phillips curve a curve that shows the short-run trade-off between inflation and unemployment reducing an inflation is often thought to cause a temporary rise in unemployment over a period of a year or two, many economic policies push inflation and unemployment both start out at high levels short-time trade-off bec. some prices are slow to adjust (prices are sticky in the short-run) ( various types of policy have short-run effects, that differ from their long effects when gov. educes the quantity of money, it reduces the amount that people spend frown spending together with prices that are stuck too high reduces the quantity of goods & services that firms sell Lower sales in turn, cause firms to lay off workers ( unemployment pic 1 People face tradeoffs 2 The cost of something is what you give up to get it 3 Rational People think of the Margin 4 People respond to incentives 5 Trade can make everyone better off 6 Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity 7 Government can sometimes improve market outcomes 8 A countrys standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services 9 Prices rise when the government prints to much money 10. Society faces a short-run trade-off between inflation and unemployment Mon. 17/10/11 Lecture 2 THINK LIKE AN ECONOMIST Microeconomics the study of how households and firms make decisions & how they interact in markets Macroeconomics the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment and economic growth (p. 7) ( since they address contrary questions, they sometimes take different approaches and are often taught in separate courses Two Functions of Economists 1. (try to pardon the world) scientists mold theories collect, evaluate & analyze information ( to verify or refute theory have own terminology 2 policy adviser if Economists try to explain the world, they are scientists if economists try to change the world they are advisers. (book) make positive statement (claim) describing real world, model, outcomewithout valuing claims that attempt to describe the world as it is are testable with data make prescriptive statement (claim) about how the world should be (personal opinion) claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should be are not testable with only data (involves our views of religion, ethics, political philosphy) (may be related our positive views about how the world works affect our normative views about how the world should be essence of science scientific method the dispassionate development and testing of theories about how the world works scientific method ceremonial occasion, theory & more observation Ec. use theory & observation but face obstacles when it comes to experiments Substitute for laboratory attention on natural experiments offered by history (e. g. the effect on the natural resource of inunct during a war on the pr ices all over the world and on policy makers, gives Ec. good opportunity to study the effects of a key natural resource on the worlds economiesThe role of Assumptions can make the world easier to project e. g. to study effect of international trade, we may assume the world consists of only two countries with each producing only two goods ( to focus our thinking ( helps understand the real more complex world the art is, which assumption to make different assumptions for different problems ( e. g. for studying the short-run and long-run effects of a change in the quantity of money requires different assumptions (p. 22) 3 types of models abstract, formel, simplification of reality to understand basic correlation if it does good model) 1. purly theoretical (statistical) 2. purly empirical (with data, data drift) 3. combination of the two In the model own terminology is incorporated built with assumptions (not sagacity on the assumptions realistic think of paper airplane judge by t he output not by the input), irrelevant questions are assumed away 1. number 1 type of model most simple model of market economy THE CIRCULAR-FLOW DIAGRAM pic ( a visual model of economy that shows how money period of times through markets among households and firms 2 types of decisionmakers households & firms firms produce goods & services using inputs (labor, land, capital) ( factors of employment (natural resources, land, knowledge, labor, human capital, machinery.. ) households own the factors of production & consume all the goods & services the firms produce households & firms interact in 2 types of market inner loop contains the flow of goods & services between households & firms households sell the use of their labor, land & capital to the firms in the market for the factors of production firms use these factors to produce goods and services, which in turn are sold to households in the market for g & s ( the factors of production flow from households to firms goods & services flow from firms to households outer loop represents the corresponding flow of money to buy g & s from the firms firms use some of the revenue from these sales to pay for the factors of production (e. . wages of workers) what is left is the profit of the firm owners, who themselves are members of the households value of factors of production is same as value of g & s if that is true value of goods & services = value of factors of production (green is so called real economic activity) causality runs in both ways (no real beginning or end ( circle) economic models are often composed of diagrams and equations - Why do economists disaccord . Disagreement about validity of alternative theories about how the world works disagreement about positive statements (differences in scientific judgments) but also often about the data when no data exists that deems ones theory or when different data are used 2. Scientists have different values different normative statements about wh at policy should try to accomplish ( but choosing the positive statement and theory and specific type of date etc. s already bec. of normative reasons (sort of mixture exists) Lecture 3, Mon 24/10/11 2. Second Type of Model THE PRODUCTION POSSIBILITY FRONTIER (PPF) Fig. 1 pic ( shows the combination of output that economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology. The economy can produce any combination on or inside the verge. Points outside the frontier are not feasibly given the economys resources e. g. n economy that produces only cars and computers if all resources were used in the car industry ( economy would produce 1000 cars & 0 PCs if all resources were used in the PC industry ( economy would produce 3000 PCs & 0 cars if economy were to divide its resources between the two industries ( 700 cars & 2000 PCs outcomes at point D are not possible because of scarce resources economy does not have enough factors of production to support that level of output efficient outcome when economy is getting all it can get from its scarce resources that are available points ON the frontier represent efficient levels of production (rather than inside) when economy is producing at such a point (on the frontier) e. g. point A, there is no way it could produce more of one good, without producing less of the other inefficient outcome all combination of outcomes inside the frontier, e. g. point B for some reasons e. g. idespread unemployment, the economy produces less than it could from the resources it has available (300 cars & 1000 PCs) if source of inefficiency were eliminated, economy could move from point B to A, increasing production of both cars & PCs ( People face tradeoffs PPF shows one tradeoff society faces once we have reached the frontier, the only way of getting more of one good is producing less of the other (e. g. producing more PCs at the expense of producing less cars) ( The cost of somet hing is what you have to give up (opp. cost) PPF shows the opportunity cost of one good as measured as measured in term of the other good (e. g. the opportunity cost of producing 200 more PCs is a 100 cars) Fig. 2 pic ( A SHIFT IN THE PPF an economic advance in the computer industry disturbs the PPF outward increasing the number of cars and computers the economy can produce Fig. PPF is bowed outward (can also be bowed inward) means the opportunity cost of cars in terms of computers depends on how much of each good the economy is producing When economy uses most of resources to produce cars ( PPF is quite steep Because even workers & machines best suited to making PCs are being used to make cars, the economy gets a substantial cast up in the number of computers for each car it gives up By contrast when economy is using most of its resources to make computers the PPF is quite flat resource best suited to make PCs are already in the computer industry and each car the economy giv es up yields only a small development in the number of PCs ( Slope of the PPF represents how much of one item you have to give up to produce the other item Videos for PPF http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=KPHyvOn8i6s&feature=related http//www. youtube. com/watch? v=a5rxIY46J7s TRADE No. 5 Trade can make everyone better off WHY ( We have specialization, which has a downside we are interdependent e. g. Im depending on someone who is making bread why should people be uncoerced to depend on the behavior of others because. people choose freely to become dependent ( so there must be some sort of benefit from it e. g. 2 producers (agents) one producer potato farmer ( potatoes (2 goods) cattle rancher ( affection Good Minutes/hours 8 hours/day Marginal opportunity cost of nerve/potato Farmer Meat 60 min. = 1 oz = 1h for 1 oz Meat = 8 oz - 4 oz of pot. = 32/8 Potatoes 15 min. = 1 oz = 1h for 4 oz Potatoes = 32 oz - 1/4 oz of nitty-gritty = 8/32 Rancher Meat 20 min. = 1 oz = 1h for 3 oz Meat = 24 oz - 2 oz of pot. = 48/24 Potatoes 10 min. 1 oz = 1h for 6 oz Potatoes = 48 oz - 1/2 oz of meat = 24/48 Unit oz of potato oz of potato oz of meat 8h (48/24) ( How do people decide on what to produce? more time for farmer to produce meat ( rancher is better/more productive what are the marginal opportunity costs how much meat does a farmer have to give up i. o. to get 1 unit of potatoes by reducing production of potatoes he would have more time to produce meat but 1 oz meat requires. 4 oz of potatoes but its just a linear relation ship how much has the farmer to give up in order to get 1 more unit of meat (what is opportunity cost)? rancher has a comparative payoff is less productive in producing potatoes but farmer is even less productive in producing meat derived from comparing the marginal opportunity cost ( Comparative advantage the comparison among producers of a good according to their opportunity cost (who has the lower one? ) ( or absolute advantage for one product, when both produce more in time ( Absolute advantage the comparison among producers of a good according to their productivity 1. Marginal opportunity cost of meat for each person is the inverse of the marginal opportunity cost of potatoes ( try to measure one good in terms of the VALUE of the other good 2. outturn & function are no more equal like in autarky Good Minutes 8 hours/day Marginal opportunity cost of meat/potatoes Farmer Meat 60 min. = 1 oz = 1h for 1 oz Meat = 8 oz - 6 oz pot. = 48/8 Potatoes 10 min. = 1 oz = 1h for 6 oz Potatoes = 48 oz - 0. 16 oz of meat = 8/48 Rancher Meat 20 min. = 1 oz = 1h for 3 oz Meat = 24 oz - 1 oz of pot. = 24/24 Potatoes 20 min. 1 oz = 1h for 3 oz Potatoes = 24 oz -1 oz of meat = 24/24 oz of potato Unit oz of pot oz of meat 8h (48/24) ( The rancher has an absolute advantage because he is more productive than the farmer Production Possibility Frontier (PPF) oz of me at 8 4 16 32 oz of pot ( p = c ( production = consumption) without trade (autarky) ( c bigger p (with trade consume more than can produce) if I already produce y meat, I can only produce y below the line is a waste of time and the line shows efficiency in terms of productivity and time, slope is opportunity cost usually slope changes depending on where I am already ( Overall conclusion farmer should produce potatoes while the farmer should produce meat Assuming each of persons would split the time of production Farmer Rancher (without trade) p = c autarky meat prod. 4 oz 12 oz consumption 4 oz 12 oz potatoes prod. 16 oz 24 oz consumption 16 oz 24 oz meat pot. 0 oz = 30 oz (or changing the price 34 oz but relative price must be higher than opportunity cost to trade at all if he gets more from the trade than in the production, he would not produce and just trade) farmer rancher with trade meat prod. 0 oz 24 oz (18 oz) consumption 5 oz 19 oz (13 oz) potatoes prod. 32 oz 0 oz (12 oz) consumption 17 oz 15 oz (gives up 15 oz) (27 oz) although the farmer has to give up something, he is a little bit better off with trade the rancher is not better of because he consumes less potatoes than in autarky ( (now the rancher gets more in term of meat AND in terms of potatoes) can be applied to countries as well rough explanation for international trade patterns (e. g when countries exporting cars and importing oil ( country has comparative advantage in producing cars) Questions to be answered so define what comparative & absolute advantage show in production possibility frontier who is producing what NOTES FOR EXERCISES FROM OTHER E. G. CHAPTER 2 Demand How to define these words properly (definition can only be appropriate or not not right or wrong) its not a question of personal disposition What is a Market A group of people suppliers (sellers) and buyers ( affect) of particular good or service (does not mean that its particularly defined or unique no general ident ification strategy competitive market each buyer and seller (individual) has a negligible effect on the market outcome (infinite no. of sellers and buyers) implications of perfect competitive markets buyers and sellers operate economically perfect (take price as given)? ( e. g. we have no influence over the price take the price as given in a supermarket (no bargaining no negotiation) ( buyers and sellers are both price takers in monopolies price taker vs. price setter Perfect Market and Competitive Market Monopoly, Oligopoly, Monopson, Monopolistic Competition DEMANDQuantity Demanded is the amount of a good, that buyers are willing and able to purchase (now) Law of Demand States that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when price of the good rises (slopes downward) Demand document The demand schedule is a table that shows the relationship between the price of the good and the quantity demanded. Demand Curve Q(p) = p ( function of p (y (x) = 2x) if price ch anges, the Qd changes MARKET DEMAND vs. INDIVIDUAL DEMAND ( everybody has a single demand the sum of it = market demand (for a special good demanded) ( demands are added horizontally pic Changes in Quantity Demanded ( result in an proceeding ON the curve, caused by a change in the price of the product pic Examples for incentives that induce a changed Qd 1. impairment (given as a variable on the demand curve) 2.Consumer incomenormal good I step-up ( Qd decrease I decrease ( Qd decrease inferior good I increase ( Qd decrease I decrease ( Qd increase Normal Good a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand Inferior Good a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demand 3. Price of related goods Substitutes two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demand for the other (e. g. orange juice & apple juice) P increase ( Qd increase P decrease ( Qd decrease Complemen ts two good for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand of the other (e. g.DVDs & DVD-Players) P increase ( Qd decrease P decrease ( Qd increase 4. Tastes (fashion, food) economists only examine what happens when tastes change 5. Expectations may affect demand of a good or service today 6. Number of Buyers determines the Qd in a market NoB increase ( Qd increase NoB decrease ( Qd decrease pic ( result in a shifts in the demand curve when Qd changes because of certain circumstances. But price doesnt change ( not only price can change demand a shift in the demand either to left (decrease) or the right (increase) ( caused by any change that alters the demand everything except the price pic SUPPLYQuantity supplied (Qs) is the amount of a good that sellers are willing or able to sell (now) Law of tote up states that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the other good rises (slopes upward positively related) Supply schedule is a table that shows the relationship between the price of the good and the quantity supplied pic usually the small q refers to the individual total (a firm) and the Q refers to the market publish (all firms in the market market supply refers to the sum of all individual supplies for all sellers of a particular good or service ( individual supply curves are summed horizontally to obtain the market supply curve ( S(p) = S1(p) + S2 (p) + Sm(p) pic the sum of 2 individual supplies ($2 ( 3 cones $ 2 ( 4 cones = $ 2 ( 7 cones in the market supply if the suppliers (sellers) drop out of the market, the supply would increase with the price (the supply curve represents the set of profit maximising quantities for firms) e. g supply function q(s) = -4 + 8p 0 = -4 + 8 8p = 4 p = ? ( is the minimum price required to get any firm to produce at all (within this given supply curve) ( if the price would be below ? the quantity supplied would be 0, so there would be no firm to prod uce at all slope change in price divided by change in quantity e. g. 0 ? 4 0 = 1/8 (slope), which doesnt change when the function is linear Change in the quantity supplied A rise in the price of ice option results in a movement along the curve (law of supply), so when price changes nothing shifts Shifts of the upply curve Determinants of change in supply Any change that raises the quantity that sellers wish to produce at a given price shifts the supply curve to the right. Any change that lowers the quantity that sellers wish to produce at a given price shifts the supply curve to the left pic 1. Input prices (labor, material, land, rent anything that goes into the manufacturing process of the item in question) Input Pr. increase ( S decrease Input Pr. decrease ( S increase 2. Technology Technology increase ( S increase Technology decrease ( S decrease Techn. In economic terms is the process by which inputs are converted to outputs 3.Expectations supply today depends on future expectations e. g. when higher price of ice-cream expected in future ( store some ice cream ( supply less today 4. Number of sellers (only relevant in market supply) pic Supply and Demand together Equilibrium a situation in which supply and demand have been brought into balance (quantity supplied equals quantity demanded Equilibrium Price the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded. On a graph it its the price, where demand and supply curves intersect Equilibrium Quantity the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded when the price has adjusted to balance supply and demand picCeterius Paribus other things being equal (latin) all variables other than the one being studied are assumed to be constant Markets Not in Equilibrium A)B) pic pic Surplus A situation in which the quantity supplied is greater than the quantity demanded Shortage A situation in which the quantity demanded is greater than the quantity supplied Law of supply and demand the claim that the pric e of any good adjusts to bring the supply and demand for that good into balance A) when price for ice cream is over the sense of equilibrium price ( quantity demanded is still 4, but the quantity supplied rises to 10 ( there are too many cones produced which cant be all sold (surplus) bec. f the low demand ( sellers have to reduce the price again (prices continues to fall until market reaches equlibrium) B) when price for ice cream is below the equilibrium price ( quantity supplied 4 exceeds quantity demanded, which is now at 10 (shortage of the good) ( sellers can raise the prices without losing sales as prices are rising the market moves again toward the equilibrium market activity of many buyers & sellers automatically pushes prices toward equil. (law of s & d) Once equil. is reached all buyers & sellers are satisfied & no upward or downward pressure on price Three Steps to Analyzing Changes in The Equilibrium analyzing the change in the market equilibrium through comparati ve statistics comparing two statistics new and old equilibrium Three steps to decide 1. Does event shift the supply curve, the demand curve, or both? 2. Does the curve shifts to the left or the right side? 3. Using the supply-and-demand diagram to examine how the shift affects equilibrium price and quantity A) HOW AN INCREASE IN DEMAND AFFECTS THE EQUILIBRIUM. An event that raises quantity demanded at any given price shifts the demand curve to the right. The equilibrium price and the equilibrium quantity both rise. Here, an abnormally hot summer causes buyers to demand more ice cream.The demand curve shifts from D1 to D2, which causes the equilibrium price to rise from $2. 00 to $2. 50 and the equilibrium quantity to rise from 7 to 10 cones. A)B) picpic B) HOW A DECREASE IN SUPPLY AFFECTS THE EQUILIBRIUM. An event that reduces quantity supplied at any given price shifts the supply curve to the left. The equilibrium price rises, and the equilibrium quantity falls. Here, an earth quake causes sellers to supply less ice cream. The supply curve shifts from S1 to S2, which causes the equilibrium price to rise from $2. 00 to $2. 50 and the equilibrium quantity to fall from 7 to 4 cones. Shifts in the Curve vs. Movements along the CurveNotice that when hot weather drives up the price of ice cream, the quantity of ice cream that firms supply rises, even though the supply curve remains the same. In this case, economists say there has been an increase in quantity supplied but no change in supply. Supply refers to the position of the supply curve, whereas the quantity sup- plied refers to the amount suppliers wish to sell. To summarize, a shift in the supply curve is called a change in supply, and a shift in the demand curve is called a change in demand. A movement along a fixed supply curve is called a change in the quantity supplied, and a movement along a fixed demand curve is called a change in the quantity demanded. picpic A SHIFT IN BOTH SUPPLY AND DEMAND.He re we observe a simultaneous increase in demand and decrease in supply. Two outcomes are possible. In panel (a), the equilibrium price rises from P1 to P2, and the equilibrium quantity rises from Q1 to Q2. (bec. large increase in demand and small decrease in supply) In panel (b), the equilibrium price again rises from P1 to P2, but the equilibrium quantity falls from Q1 to Q2. (because small increase in demand and large decrease in supply) pic pic NOTES Elasticity measures the responsivness for to the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied to a change in the market price by 1 % measures percentage change in the quantity to a percentage change in price (or other determinants)Price Elasticity of Demand a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price. Determinants of Price Elasticity of Demand (How do we react to price changes? ) 1. Necessities vs. Luxury goods (depends on personal perception but in general terms inelastic vs. elastic) e. g. fodder, shelter, clothes vs. diamonds, sailboats etc 2. Availability of close substitute (few vs. less = inelastic vs. elastic) 3. Market Definition (broad vs. narrowed e. g. Cars vs. Ford Focus Food vs. Bread) 4. Time Horizon (short vs. long e. g. the adjustment over a short period of time to gasoline price changes vs. long period of time)

Political Dynasty

Political Dynasty in the Philippines Political dynasty is very prevalent in our country for a long time now. The 1987 Philippine Constitution, Article II, Section 26 states The State shall guarantee equal access to opportunities for public service and prohibit political dynasties as may be defined by law. The provide provides for the prohibition of political dynasty but it did not give a clear definition of what political dynasty is, instead it left this task to the Congress. Many arguments had already been presented as whether to ban political dynasty or not.These are some arguments supporting the prohibition of political dynasties promote political and personal interests promote nepotism, favoritism and corruption political clans are motivated by the preservation of wealth rather than the implementation of basic political ideologies formation of political kingdoms inhibits democracy in the country elections birth become mere formalities rather that idle legal processes dynasties are reflections of the prevailing socio-economic inequalities in the nation the existence of political clans prohibits economically- disadvantaged but expeditious candidates basis for qualifications of public officials are distorted and people come to accept the existing succession of political clans as a tradition. For the counter arguments dynasties make up an effective collaboration promoting good governance and there is an increased devolution of power over the localities which empower them. As seen with the arguments, it is clear that the disadvantages of political dynasty outweigh its advantages. besides with the present composition of our government, enacting a law that will prohibit this cannot immediately be done. Thus, it rest in the hands of the voters to choose who will lead and decree our country, and whether to let this political dynasties remain or finally end.

Piri Thomas’ “Alien House” Essay

Throughout the short story Alien Turf, Piri, a little Puerto Rican boy who just moved to an all-Italian neighborhood encounters many obstacles. Piri will subject rejection and inadequacy. He gets teased, and beaten up, but still, he stays strong and acts older than he really is. At the end of the story, Piri is encountered with a strong sense of clemency from nervy, an Italian boy who had previously beaten him up. The boys realized that racism is exclusively disrobe deep, but each person may be a kind, sympathize with human being.In the beginning of the story, all Rocky saw was a Puerto Rican invading his Italian neighborhood. According to him, only Italians belonged in the neighborhood, and Puerto Ricans, like Piri and his family, should be at long last banned. Racism is a belief that one race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities. Racial differences may produce an inherent superiority of a picky race. Rocky fully lived by this in the beginning, and even throughout most of the story.What is compassion? According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, compassion is sympathetic consciousness of others distress together with a desire to alleviate it. Some other people may see compassion as being sympathetic toward someone or something when they are seek or having some sort of problem. If this is what compassion means, then Rocky truly showed compassion for Piri at the end of the story.During the last fight that the Italian boys got into with Piri was when everything changed. One of the boys screamed to Piri from raze the street, You even buying from us paisans, you must wantta be an Italians. Usually, he would just run away from them, but this day was different. Piri, sticking up for himself, screamed back to them, I wouldnt be a guinea on a motherfucking bet Rocky and his gang were shocked that he said this. The boys started fist fighting and Piri fritter away Tony in the stomach as hard as he could, watching him fall to the ground. To ny grabbed a handful of asphalt and threw it in Piris face. Rocky resuscitate Tony in the face, knowing that his associate had crossed the line.Rocky showed compassion by sticking up for Piri. He took Piris hand saying,Comon kind, lemme take you home. Rocky recognised that yes, Piri was a little bit different because he was Puerto Rican, but he was also a human being. He realized that racism is only skin deep, and everybody has feelings. Piri was also touched in this instant. He never would have thought that any of the boys, especially Rocky, the leader of the gang, would ever stick up for him. To his amazement, not only did Rocky yell at his virtuoso, but he also threw a couple of punches at him.Compassion was displayed in this because Rocky new that even though he really didnt like the fact that there was a little Puerto Rican boy that moved into his neighborhood, he could not dismiss the fact that what his friend did was wrong. He was firing to help this little boy out. Rocky experienced a true epiphany during this part of the story. His views about everything were disregarded in that instant when his friend threw the asphalt in Piris face. He knew that if they really wanted to, they could have beaten Piri up real bad since he couldnt see, but Rocky knew that it would not be a fair fight. Rocky also recognized the fact that Piri needed his compassion and care in that instant, and that was exactly what he was going to do.

China’s One Child Policy is said to have created a generation of ‘Little Emperors’. Assess the consequences of most families having only one or two children Essay

Chinas ace- tyke family policy has had a great effect on the lives of nearly a quarter of the worlds race for a quarter of a century, after it was introduced in 1979. One of the effects is often referred to as Little Emperors Syndrome, which is when the lone(prenominal) chela received excessive amounts of attention from relatives do a spoilt brat generation to occur.This puts both social and economic pressures on the families and children. By only having unrivalled child per family it al let outs the family to solely use its resources on that child thus allowing the child to often fulfill their potential, as English lessons, music lessons and an additional range of extracurricular activities argon normal. Although this has positive outcomes such as a rise in the number of Chinese children going to university, it has still mainly had the negative effect of the Little Emperors having declamatory expectations of everyone else, with the government in a flash macrocosm worried ab out a slump in the economic system, being one of the many reasons why China whitethorn cast aside the one child policy.One of the main issues with the one child policy is that 336 million abortions in the time of the policy nourish taken place, which has caused a some righteous issues throughout the world, with many throng questioning the policy. Although many people in China have said that it has been a positive as a way to maintain the resources in the country and stop a large accession in the population.The number of abortions is paired with the issue of gendercide in China being at an all time high, people want a Little Emperor and not Little Empress payable to traditional preference, this again presents a moral issue with the policy and may lead to future problems. Over 20 million girls be aborted each year and with over 50 million Chinese girls currently missing, at that place is a problem brewing in that there will be a shortage of women in comparison to men which m ay see the population and economy of China drop. The one child policy is also a costly program for the Chinese Government with over 400,000 people currently work oning for the policy and annually costs $708.8 million.This is not helped by the fact that the one child policy is creating a generation of four-year-oldsters that is not as good a working force comp ard to the current one this is due to the fact that the Little Emperors are spoiled and do not expect to work for themselves (especially in urban areas, where there are wealthier families). It is thought that with the population (Fig 1) stagnating the economy may stagnate also, due to a smaller working force and one that is less willing to work, an example of the Little Emperors Syndrome is that there has been a doubling in the number of platinum jewelry sales in China, an expensive gift usually given to children. Although the parental expectations are high, only 2% of Chinese children are able to go to university, which many Chinese scholars paint a picture may be a sign of the future of the stagnation of the Chinese economy.This all shows that the one child policy may not be aiding the economy that has currently been one of the fastest growing in the world, causing a few people in China to question it. The policy has also modify the children themselves, as surveys have suggested that children born during the one child policy are significantly less trusting, less trustworthy, more risk-averse, less competitive, more pessimistic, and less careful individuals. All these characteristics are due to the fact that many of these children are born as an only child, and they now have present implications for the nation.These consequences include the number of reprehensible incidents to increase by 7.2% in the past 3 years and over $17 jillion being spent on illegal drugs this is because many young people create groups or gangs as close relationships in the place of ones with their siblings but also due to the fact that a surplus of men has caused an increase in violence due to the increase in young males not marrying and becoming restless. This is not going to be beneficial for the country as it is causing youngsters to be misled into crime and will also be expensive for the government to try and expel from the country. It is also a thought that in the future there will be fewer people of a working age to support a growing number of elderly dependents, meaning that China has an maturation population.(Fig 2) Unfortunately, ageing populations have significant social and economic effects on countries, and with Chinas fertility rate being predicted to be as low as 1.5 a 2.1 fertility rate is needed in China in order for sustainability the long term effects of the One-Child policy are likely to have detrimental effects for the future including a stagnating economy. This is made worse by the fact that there are 60 million more men than women in China, which, is only going to lead to more social problems, such as a decrease in population in the future. (Fig 1)Which is shown by a fresh census, Chinas population grew 5.8% since 2000, from 1.27 billion to 1.34 billion a significant difference from the previous census, which indicated a rate of 11.7%. (Fig 1) Finally, a positive effect of the one child policy is that it has severely reduced the population of the China by roughly 400 million. This has created an abundance of resources for China, which was under some pressure for necessities such as drinking water.However, China has dealt with that through projects such as the Three Gorges Dam, but also through the one child policy allowing for the surplus resources to exist due to the decline in population growth. The lack of 400 million people has also helped reduce global warming, because, by stopping these births China has averted over 1.3 billion tons of carbon dioxide being released into the atmosphere. Overall, it is clear that there are many negative consequences that have occurred or that will occur due to the one child policy, which is why it is thought that by 2020 the one child policy will no longer exist and that it will become the two child policy.The problems are economic and social problems that revolve around the idea of an ageing population that will need financial support from a spoiled generation yet, the only environmental factors are positive- with global warming being reduced and the resources in China lasting longer and there being surplus. However, it is obvious that the Little Emperors are going to have to support China in their time of need, which is due to the one child policy, and it is whether they can do it or whether they have been spoiled to the extremity that they are unable to run one of the biggest economies in the world. Lastly, the one child policy has probably been good for China itself, but the way that other nations now perceive China after the brutal one child policy, may cause them future problems.

Personal Protective Equipment Essay

individualised Protective Equipment is of major significance in workplaces entirely e very(prenominal)where the world. As the use of personal preventative equipment is grave, its only an extra form of security, necessary where all hazards havent been controlled through different means. Personal tutelary equipment consists of a range of clothing and equipment, which is to shield workers bodies from workplace hazards. It is wide utilize to decrease the exposure of employees to hazards, and to avoid employees from illness or injuries while at work. Employees are accountable for w drumheading the personal protective equipment in good order and utilise the necessary protection for their tasks. Although there are some(prenominal) eccentricfaces of personal protective equipment apply in a workplace, three of which are very essential and should be used square uply in order for the employee to have the ideal protection. They are protection to your eyes, head and ears (noise).L oud, essential noise can damage an employees hearing ability if he or she is not using the right type of protection to prevent the noise. It is extremely important to have the right kind of personal protective equipment for your ears to protect them from the brassy noises. There are three main types of ear protection used in a workplace. Earplugs are the more or less frequently used to help keep the noise take down. Some of which are disposable t lid are made to fit into the ear canal average right, and useful earplugs, which tend to be more dependable than the disposable ear plugs. Types of pre-formed earplugs, called canal caps, are also used vastly.They are usually attached to a headpiece because they might get lost if they were not properly attached. Earmuffs for hardhats are also a good form of ear protection. When employees are in extremely loud and noisy places, they have a tendency to wear out the earplugs and earmuffs at the same time. Ear protection mostly filters out the stable unnecessary noise making is safer to work in loud workplaces. Some tribe do not understand how loud the noise actually is to them, and how austere the noise could be when unfastened to them without the arrogate type of protection. That is why it is very important to be wearing the right kind of ear protection in certain situations where it is loud in the workplace.Another main kind of personal protective equipment is protection for theeyes. It is very important for tidy sum to avoid damage to their eyes, so it is essential to have the correct form of eye protection while in a workplace that whitethorn be dangerous to the eyes. There are several different types of eye protection, some of which include goggles, safety glasses, face shields and helmets. For those people who wear glasses, they are able to get prescription safety eyewear so they can see good and still have safety to their eyes. Since there are different potential dangers to a persons eyes, such as ch emical splashes, and light rays, employees have to be sure to wear the correct type of eye protection while in their workplace. A persons eyes can be severely damaged at a work place if they are not wearing the appropriate type of eye protection for the specific task in which they are doing. It is also very important to follow the safety steps while using the eye protection and doing your job.The chief kind of protection and injuries that all employees should be aware of is head protection and injuries to the head and how to avoid them. A key type of protection for an employees head is a hard head. A hard hat is a hat that has an outer shell to seize things that are going to strike you and an inner suspension system that absorbs the jampack to further protect your head. It is widely necessary for employees to wear protection on their head at all times while in their workplace.People can be hospitalized or even killed from head injuries, just from something falling out of nowhere an d hitting someone on the head. A hard hat is the most widely used protection for the head, but there are also several different types of head protection available for different types of work and jobs. An employee doing a type of work dealing with flames and sparks, they tend to wear a skullcap that is flame resistant and protects the person from sparks that might fly up. When an employee is working in a place with close corners, they would normally wear a bump cap. A bump cap is whippersnapper and is not as big as the hard hats and do not protect your head from sullen things that might fall on it.Overall, personal protective equipment is very important in workplaces all over the world. sharp what type of protection to use in certain areas of work and how to use it is also very important. Personal protective equipment is a major part of safety for employees and helps them avoid hazards as wellas injuries. There are many forms of personal protective equipment that helps to protect a workers be from hazards that might occur in a workplace. The employer is responsible for determining which type of personal protective equipment their employees bequeath wear for their job. OSHA gives a list of personal protective equipment required for each job, listed in the Code of federal official Regulations, therefore employees should know exactly what type of protection to use, and how it will protect them from the dangerous hazards that might occur. Knowing the importance of personal protective equipment in a job will result in avoiding injuries and hazards and may save lives for those who use it and use it properly.

Exercises and Problems Essay

Carry Yokis bum around consists of the following. Carry, the owner believed that people would come to hear a band play on Friday, Saturday, and sunlight evening. During the oddment of the week, she believed her customers would watch sporting events on several television sets located through go forth the lounge. Carry occupied devil bartenders, deuce-ace servers, two assistant servers, two cooks, 1 dishwasher and a clean-up soul. She had a bar, 15 barstools, 4 tables, 40 chairs, 4 television sets, and atomic number 53 satellite dish. She had an oven, stove, grill, refrigerator, sinks, dishes, and glassw atomic number 18. Carry started this handicraft with $50,000 of her own money, and she borrowed $150,000 from the posit. From this description, arguing to each one of the scarce resources that are single-valued functiond in Carry Yokis Lounge.Entrepreneurial resource Carry Yoki. advertize resources 2 bartenders, 3 servers, 2 assistant servers, 2 cooks, 1 dishwasher, and a clean-up person. Economic capital resources 1 bar, 15 bar stools, 4 tables, 40 chairs, 4 television sets, one satellite dish, oven, stove, grill, refrigerator, sinks, dishes, and glassware. Financial capital resources $50,000 of her own money and $150,000 from the bank. Joe Fixit has an devisal repair railway line enterprise. He has more business than he stand plough and insufficiencys to hire another repair person. Joe estimates that troika appliances can be repaired each hour by a qualified person. Joe bills out labor at $45 per hour, but he stipulates that the minimum charge for appliance repair estimates is $30 rundown parts. What is the marginal tax revenue product of a qualified repair person? 3 appliance repairs per hour times $30 = $90 marginal revenue product. What is the supreme hourly wage that he would yield an employee? Therefore, since we bring in an additional $90 per hour by hiring one more repair person, the maximum wage we would pay is $90. surface-to -air missile Smith is currently employed as a mechanical engineer and is give $65,000 per year plus benefits that are equal to 30% of his salary. surface-to-air missile wants to begin a consulting firm and decides to leave his current job. laterwards his first year in business, surface-to-air missiles accountant informed him that he had made $45,000 with his consulting business. surface-to-air missile likewise notices that he paid $6,000 for a health insurance policy, which was his total benefit during his firstyear. What was surface-to-air missiles opportunity cost? surface-to-air missile gave up $65,000 in salary plus $19,500 in benefits or a total of $84,500. Sara Lee unsloped graduated from college with a degree in accounting. She had quintet job offers Bean Counters CPA, $35,000 Assets R Us, $27,000 The Debit Store, $30,000 J & Js CPAs, $33,000 and The mental image access Shop, $40,000. What was her opportunity cost if she accepted the job with The Double Entry Shop? Sar a gave up Bean Counters CPA at $35,000 which was the highest value surrendered. Sam Club acquire $50,000 and paid taxes of $10,000. Samantha Heart earned $60,000 and paid taxes of $12,000. If these taxes were paid to the same g everyplacenment agency, is the tax on income progressive, regressive, or comparative? Why did you reach this conclusion? As show below these taxes are proportional because they both(prenominal) paid the same percentage of their income in taxes.6.You read an article in this mornings paper that express inflation was accelerating and would reach six percent this year. If the FED believes this statement and it has set a culture of three percent inflation, what impart it likely do at the attached meeting of the Federal open securities industry Committee? They would roughly likely raise the discount rate, the federal funds rate, or both. They could also sell more government securities to decrease the money supply. 7.A companion came into your office and utter that his bank was out to kill fiddling businesses. You asked him what he meant by this remark, and he said that he read an article that said his bank had just loaned $10 trillion to a major automobile manu featureurer at a rate of 3 percent, which is less than crown. merely your friend just borrowed $50,000 from the same bank and they charged him prime plus four percent, or 7.5 percent.Your friend has been in business for two years, and last year he had a loss of $2,000. How can you condone this difference in interest rate to your friend? The bank charges interest based upon risk. The probability of the automobile manufacturer defaulting on the loan is very remote therefore, they strike a favorable interest rate from the bank. Since your friend lost money last year and since over 40 percent of all small businesses fail in the first louver years, the banks risk is much higher and therefore they will charge a higher interest rate.1.Carry Yokis Lounge consists of the fo llowing. Carry, the owner believedthat people would come to hear a band play on Friday, Saturday, and Sunday evening. During the remainder of the week, she believed her customers would watch sporting events on several television sets located throughout the lounge. Carry employed two bartenders, three servers, two assistant servers, two cooks, one dishwasher and a clean-up person. She had a bar, 15 barstools, 4 tables, 40 chairs, 4 television sets, and one satellite dish. She had an oven, stove, grill, refrigerator, sinks, dishes, and glassware. Carry started this business with $50,000 of her own money, and she borrowed $150,000 from the bank. From this description, list each of the scarce resources that are used in Carry Yokis Lounge. 2.Joe Fixit has an appliance repair business.He has more business than he can handle and wants to hire another repair person. Joe estimates that three appliances can be repaired each hour by a qualified person. Joe bills out labor at $45 per hour, but he stipulates that the minimum charge for appliance repair estimates is $30 plus parts. What is the marginal revenue product of a qualified repair person? What is the maximum hourly wage that he would pay an employee? 3.Sam Smith is currently employed as a mechanical engineer and is paid $65,000 per year plus benefits that are equal to 30% of his salary. Sam wants to begin a consulting firm and decides to leave his current job. After his first year in business, Sams accountant informed him that he had made $45,000 with his consulting business. Sam also notices that he paid $6,000 for a health insurance policy, which was his total benefit during his first year.What was Sams opportunity cost? 4.Sara Lee just graduated from college with a degree in accounting. She had five job offers Bean Counters CPA, $35,000 Assets R Us, $27,000 The Debit Store, $30,000 J & Js CPAs, $33,000 and The Double Entry Shop, $40,000. What was her opportunity cost if she accepted the job with The Double Entry Shop? 5.Sam Club earned $50,000 and paid taxes of $10,000. Samantha Heart earned $60,000 and paid taxes of $12,000. If these taxes were paid to the same government agency, is the tax on income progressive, regressive, or proportional? Why did you reach this conclusion? 6.You read an article in this mornings paper that stated inflation was accelerating and would reach six percent this year. If the FED believes this statement and it has set a goal of three percent inflation, what will it likely do at the next meeting of the Federal Open Market Committee?7.A friend came into your office andsaid that his bank was out to kill small businesses. You asked him what he meant by this remark, and he said that he read an article that said his bank had just loaned $10 million to a major automobile manufacturer at a rate of 3 percent, which is less than prime. But your friend just borrowed $50,000 from the same bank and they charged him prime plus four percent, or 7.5 percent. Your friend has be en in business for two years, and last year he had a loss of $2,000. How can you explain this difference in interest rate to your friend?Carol Jones wanted her business to summation gross revenue by 50 percent over the next five years. To do this, she must hire three more people. She wanted to determine how to evaluate these people, so she lists their job specifications and develops job descriptions. She also listed where these employees would work and what reproduction they would require. What management functions is Carol performing, and how do they apply to this scenario? Carol is performing the management function of cooking because she wants to increase sales by 50% over the next five years. Specifically she is determining her strategic goals and showtime a long-range plan. She is also performing the management function of staffing because she is rough to hire three more people, to evaluate them, and train them. Carol is also performing the management function of control w hen she develops the standards for evaluating her force. Jerry is a personnel manager for a large retail department store.He just real a memoranda stating that the phoner will build three new stores in Phoenix over the next five years, with one store opening in 24 months, one opening in 36 months, and one opening in 60 months. The memo that Jerry received relates to what type of business plan? The memo that Jerry received relates to the strategic overall plan for his company. If Jerry is directed to develop a personnel plan for Phoenix, what type of planning will Jerry be doing? When Jerry develops a personnel plan he will be working on a functional plan (personnel) designed to support the strategic plan. Joe Doe just started a business. He wants the business income to flow directly to his own personal tax return, but he wants to make accepted that he has limited liability. What form(s) of business ownership would you press for Joe? Recommend eithera Subchapter S quite a littl e or a Limited Liability Company. You buy 1,000 shares of ABC Company at $6 per share. The company is sued for millions of dollars, and ABC Co. is forced into bankruptcy. The newspaper stated that the cost of this suit would amount to $12 per share of stock. What is the maximum amount of money you can lose with this investment? Why? You can only lose $6,000 ($6 per share times the 1,000 shares).Since this is your investment in the corporation it is also your total liability. The price of $12 report in the paper is irrelevant in this situation. Sam Jones, Mary Adams, and Larry Brown have been talking about starting their own business for several years. Sam is an electronic repairman, Mary is a partner in a large law firm, and Larry is an excellent sales person. Sam and Larry will work in the business on an equal basis. It will cost $100,000 to start this business. Sam has no money, Mary has $60,000 and Larry has $40,000. If they form a partnership, how would you recommend that they o rganize? You should recommend a limited partnership with Mary as the limited partner. Sam and Larry would be general partners and would each be paid a salary. The profits that accrue to the partnership after all expenses are paid would be divided with sixty percent going to Mary and twoscore percent going to Larry if share of profits were only based on financial contribution. The actual member of the profits would be based on a partnership agreement because Sam would not want to have unlimited liability and no share of the profits.This business could also be formed as an LLC then none of them would have unlimited liability, but would Mary agree to this since she is putting up most of the financial capital? This problem was inserted to stimulate discussion. Barry McGuire wants to purchase a dry-cleaning establishment. Barry has heard of the SWOT analysis and wants to use this methodology to determine whether he should purchase the business. He found the following information The dr y clean is located in a busy shop focus on and currently does all the cleaning on the premises. It has three commercial accounts that comprise 20 percent of its business. The population in the local area is ripening by approximately 6 percent per year. Located across the street in another shopping center is a price-cutting dry cleaner that advertises heavily in the local area.With the exception of this shopping center and the property across the street, all property in this area is zoned residential. Most of the residents in this area are professionalpeople who wear suits to work. The shop has an assumable lease, and the lease has a fixed rental fee for the next five years. Barry has had five years of experience in the dry-cleaning business, and would run the shop full time. Based on this information, perform a SWOT analysis. Strengths include the fact that Barry has five years of experience, dry cleaning business is already established, assumable lease, and fixed rent for next f ive years, commercial accounts for 20% of business. Weakness, none listed.Opportunities include fact that business is located in a busy shopping center, population is growing at 6% a year, residential area with residents being professional and wearing suits to work, no new competition because of favorable zoning. Threats include competition from price cutting business across the street. Joe Latte wants to open up a coffee and gelato shop. He figures with the popularity of coffee shops and Italian ice cream shops that a combination business will be a clear winner. Write a two page paper describing the following elements of a business plan description of the business, factors affecting location, and product or service to be offered. This should be range based on the rigor of the class and how much is assigned by the instructor for outside research.We recommend team discussion and specifics with regard to these items. 8 Joe Latte has completed a business plan and dictated that it wil l take $120,000 to open the coffee and gelato shop. He has $30,000 of his own money and will have to dumbfound $90,000 in loans or grants. How should Joe go about getting financing? What is the probability that he can curb a grant to start an Italian ice cream shop? Joes first mensuration should be to complete a business plan and clashing the local Small Business connecter (SBA) and SCORE office to determine what financing is available. He should also check with local and state agencies for small business assistance. Depending on his credit rating and bank standing he can also contact local banks and financial institutions and shop for the best loan and interest rates. Chances of obtaining a grant for this type of business are very slim.

Dramatic tension for the audience Essay

In the play, A View From The Bridge, Arthur moth miller gave the audience an impression that the Italian immigrants werent welcome to the USA. The scene is set in New York and it relates to six main characters, who are all in all individuals and play unique roles. Arthur Miller was born on October 17th in 1915 in New York City. He was a prominent figure in American literature and his career as a source spanned over seven decades. He is considered by audiences as one of Americas greatest play writers, and his plays are widely recognised throughout the world.The play is set in Red Hook. The main focus and stage is the Carbones maintenance and dining room. Alfieri thinks that the public do not appreciate lawyers or priests because he says You invite how uneasily they nod to me? Thats because I am a lawyer. In this neck of the woods to meet a lawyer or a priest on the street is unlucky. Were only thought of in connection with disasters, and theyd rather not get too close. A sligh t of distrust lies in the neighborhood because he can sense that the law wasnt an amicable idea since the Greeks were beaten.People have told him that the neighbourhood lack an element of elegance and glamour. The neighbourhood consisted of longshoremen and their wives and fathers and grandfathers and poor people. Red Hook was considered quite a dangerous place but now its quite civilized, quite American. Alfieri can call up the rest of story as he tells the audience that they should watch the situation run its bloody agate line, and followed that by introducing Eddie Carbone by saying this ones name was Eddie Carbone.The guidance Arthur Miller uses Alfieri to say this ones, shows that Alfieri has seen this many times before and is giving us a hint that the play is not going to end well. Eddie is introduced on stage by pitching coins with the men, in which he highlighted from them, He is forty-a husky, pretty overweight longshoreman. When Eddie enters his apartment and meets Ca therine, there is quite a friendly atmosphere but this changes quickly when Eddie criticizes the way Catherine walks and her appearance. The conversation ends when Eddie says that Beatrices cousins are coming.Here we can get the feeling that Eddie has undiscovered sexual feelings and is actually possessive over Catherine. While the family were waiting for Beatrices cousins, Eddie is telling the story of Vinny Bolzano. The story has a momentous importance because this play also has a similar story as Bolzano. Miller uses Eddie as the soulfulness who informs the immigration slightly Beatrices cousins (just similar the young boy did to his uncle in Bolzanos story). Marco appears to be comical initially. He is quite stiff towards Eddie and gives him control of when he requires them to leave.There is an instant reaction where Rodolfo is introduced, we can see Catherine is attracted by his appearance, she asked him many questions like How come hes so dark and youre so light, Rodolfo (you can see how she just addressed the question directly to Rodolfo). Catherine also is astonished, as she said to Beatrice Hes practically blond . Eddie however assumes that he is homosexual because he has blond hair and sings the pains Paper Doll. Eddie doesnt understand the law because he doesnt see the need of obtaining conclusion to prove Rodolfo guilty.He just assumes that Rodolfo wants to marry Catherine for the right to stay and become an American citizen. It is difficult for Eddie to post his emotions because he has intimate feelings towards Catherine. Alfieris advice to Eddie was to inform the immigration as to how Beatrices cousins entered the country illegally. Initially Eddie is shock at the advice and says Oh, Jesus, no, I wouldnt do nothin about that. Alfieri also advised Eddie to learn to let Catherine go. He says The child has to grow up and go away, and the man has to learn to forget. Eddie does not want to let Catherine go.This could provide in two endings, either Eddie snitches on Rodolfo and Marco or lets his niece live her life the way she wants to. Catherine starts off a conversation about the places where Marco and Rodolfo have been to. Eddie doesnt seem too convinced when Catherine says theyve been to Africa, and says its true Eddie. Miller uses his stage directions to show that Eddie is only asking Marco about the places they have visited. Then the conversation diverts to Catherine asking Eddie about oranges and lemons growing on trees. Eddie replies directly to Marco. He becomes very aggressive and rude when Rodolfo intervenes.Eddie gets very hostile and snaps patronise at Rodolfo by saying I know lemons are green, for Christs sake, you see them in the store theyre green sometimes. I said oranges they paint, I didnt say nothin about lemons. . other incident rises when Eddie has a conversation about how he can teach boxing to Rodolfo. Eddie picks on Rodolfo and tries to confine and patronise him. They both throw in some ligh t punches but Eddie gets carried away and grazes Rodolfo. Catherine is astonished and Eddie replies wherefore? I didnt hurt him. Did I hurt you kid? . Marco had realised that Eddie was bothered by Rodolfo.Marco showed his effectuality towards Eddie by raising the chair over his head. He does this to make Eddie aware that if anything happens to Rodolfo, Eddie will have to even off the consequences. Arthur Miller shows that Marco has had enough and understands whats going on, the stage directions describes Marco with a strained tension gripping his eyeball and jaw, his neck stiff, he also used a simile the chair raised like a weapon over Eddies head. Eddie then realises what Marco meant, his grin vanishes as he absorbs his looks. . This shows us that Marcos hamartia is Rodolfo.

Globalization Impact in Brazil

globoseisation IN BRAZIL HOW HAS GLOBALIZATION AFFECTED THE ECONOMIC, POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS IN BRAZIL? GINA MARIE HELLAND HAUGE MARIE THERESE MAGNUSSON MASTER THESIS August, 2011 Pages 97 STUs 240 410 COPENHAGEN BUSINESS work MASTER OF SCIENCE IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SUPERVISOR JOACHIM LUND De beginment of pedigree and Politics executive summary This dissertation in codigates the concept of inter caseisation and its make on the scotch, g overnmental and cordial increase in brazil-nut tree. For umpteen years brazil nut maintained from sparing instability, high inflation and high levels of income in cope withities and pauperism.New reforms and blossom forthing up of domestic merchandises has had positive effect on brazil nut in name of stabilizing the prudence. Globalization is a festering phenomenon and its make on the gentleman and race put on been enormous. stack lib whilelization has led to increase in leave straight off investiture in f smalls and it has in any case increased brazil-nut trees planetary shift. During the era of globalisation and economical ontogenesis, brazil-nut tree has received to a greater goal power deep down external organizations and has become an alpha addition to inter national governing.But, even if the trade liberalization had positive effects on Brazil during the 1990s, inequality and pauperization levels did non decline. This was due to the neglect of functioning aff qualified policies. governmental pin downs in the twenty-first century led to favorable reforms and by introducing hot policies distress levels were reduced. Today Brazil is experiencing a growing middle course of instruction and a further reduction of inequality levels. For globalisation to be in possession of a positive effect on Brazil it must(prenominal) be controlled and the working economic reforms must be introduced.This happened during the mid 1990s and since the beginning of the 21st cent ury Brazil has experienced the attains of globalisation. 2 Table of Contents Executive summary Abbreviations 1. Introduction 1. 1 Background 1. 2 Problem specification 1. 3 Delimitations 1. 4 Methodology come near 1. 5 writings re go steady and previous investigate 1. 6 Structure 2. Globalization 2. 1 Definition of globalization 2. 2 Measuring globalization 2. 3 The economic symmetry of globalization 2. 4 The semi governmental proportion of globalization 2. 5 The favorable dimensions of globalization 3. kind evelopment in Brazil 3. 1 Overview 3. 2 A diachronic perspective 3. 3 Social Security Development 3. 4 Rural vs. urban argonas 3. 5 Bolsa Familia 3. 6 Social participation 3. 7 Public policy councils 3. 8 Conferences 4. The economic and political history of Brazil 4. 1 Before democracy 4. 2 1985-1992 Years of instability 4. 2. 1 The Cruzado see 4. 2. 2 The Bresser Plan 4. 2. 3 GDP suppuration 4. 3 1992-2002 4. 3. 1 The Real Plan 4. 3. 2 A change in the economy 4. 3 . 3 Fiscal Responsibility Law 4. 3. 4 Ch all toldenges from the outside 4. 4 Governmental change 5. Brazil s a BRIC- realm 5. 1 Origins of the term 5. 2 The victimisation and ontogenesis stages 5. 3 Obstacles and financial crises for the BRICs 5. 4 Summits 5. 5 The role of Brazil 6. Economic Analysis 6. 1 extraneous Direct Investment 6. 2 impertinent Trade 7. policy-making Analysis 7. 1 Mercosur 7. 2 The orb Trade organisation 2 5 6 6 8 8 9 10 11 11 11 18 19 21 23 26 26 28 30 32 32 34 34 35 36 36 37 38 39 40 40 40 43 44 45 50 53 53 55 56 58 59 60 60 64 67 67 69 3 7. 3 The International M matchlesstary Fund 7. 4 The World Bank 7. 5 The get unitedly Nations 8. Poverty and income distri st grimion nalysis 9. Discussion 10. Concluding remarks Bibliography Appendix 1 71 72 73 75 80 87 90 101 4 Abbreviations BRIC EU FDI IMF OECD UN UNCTAD WIR WTO Brazil, Russia, India and China European Union Foreign Direct Investment International M iodinetary Fund Organization for Economic Co-o peproportionn and Development united Nations United Nations Conference on Trade And Development World Investment Report World Trade Organization 5 1. Introduction 1. 1 Background Globalization is a complex phenomenon that has had enormous effects on the globe economy and its mess.Today, angiotensin-converting enzyme is employ to stick out shirts produced in Bangladesh, the coffee originates from Brazil and the camera is import from Japan. A few decades ago the word globalization b bely come throughed, scarce today it is a astray used expression and the effects of globalization is discussed in a great number of economic articles and journals. At angiotensin converting enzyme extreme, globalization is seen as a force that delivers economic prosperity to masses slightly the cosmos. At the opposite, globalization is blamed for making rich people richer and the ridiculous poorer.Globalization is referred to as a extremity of inter make upion and integration among people a nd companies, and the branch of globalization open effected the environment in polar countries, the culture, the people and the political systems within the economy. Globalization a c atomic number 18 has a major effect on economic development. polity and expert developments of the prehistoric decades have stimulated international trade and investments to that extent that legion(predicate) believe that the world has entered a parvenu phase in its economic development.The accredited wave of globalization has been driven by policies that have open(a) up economies around the world and by technological developments during the old decades (World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization, 2004). Even if globalization in many situations has been referred to as virtuallything positive, the word globalization is a deeply controversial term. Proponents of globalisation make do that it allows poor countries to develop economically and sociablely.Opponents, on the othe r hand, argue that globalization has gain grounded multinational corporations in the Western world at the expense of small, local anaesthetic unanimouss and coarse people (de Soysa and Vadlamannati 2011). match to Kiggundu, globalization offers at a lower placedeveloped countries new opportunities and challenges frequently(prenominal)(prenominal) as economic, political and loving development, further it in like manner gives these countries an opportunity to reduce poverty and increase wages, and on that mindby adding wealth to the economy (Kiggundu, 2002).There argon several different ways to measure and arrange globalization, but the confining used measurement methods are to divine the effects of globalization into one economic, one political and one affable dimension and in that respectby evaluate the effects (Dreher, 2006). Globalization and internationalisation are dickens words frequently used today. Boundaries become small and world trade and investmen ts a panoptic are increasing. The world has 6 become familiar with terms such as emerging markets and BRIC-countries.Globalization has indeed provided much opportunities for countries and their people. But, obviously countries are facing challenges in the globalization process. Globalization s droply refers to an increasing interaction across national boundaries that affect many aspects of life economic, social, cultural and political. It is a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by in shaping applied science. This process has effects on the environment as well as on political systems, and on economic development in societies around the world.This process has speeded up dramatically in the last two decades as technological advances make it easier for people to travel, communicate, and do business internationally (de Soysa Vadlamannati, 2011). It is hard to say when the globalization process in Brazil started, but what one peck say is that it definit ely has changed Brazil, economically, politically and socially. Brazil is the vaingloriousst economy in South the States, and is because of its size offering one of the most promising markets in the world (Brazil Country Brief).Brazil is, together with India and China, ranked as one of the countries that testament offer the highest bodeed development in the next 25 years. During the past decade, Brazil was number two of the emerging economies in the world receiving high levels of unusual direct investment. The Brazilian economy has faced some substantial changes in the past five decades. During these decades the economy also changed from creation a strong state-oriented economy to a more(prenominal) than(prenominal) market driven economic model.In the 1990s and in the archaeozoic 2000s, many market-orientated reforms within trade liberalization and privatization were made. In the beginning of the 1990s, the estate faced economic problems due to high inflation and an unstab le economy. This was why the Real Plan was introduced in 1994. The plan aimed to distract many of the problems with inflation and what it brought in terms of economic instability, and it was establish on fiscal ad fairishment (Gouvea, 2004). In the past decades, Brazil also has attracted a large amount of contradictory direct investment (here afterward harbingerd as FDI).For many years FDI was bidericted to sure sectors and were highly regulated. In the 1990s, Brazil opened its doors to FDI inflow and the economy experienced an enormous growth in FDI (Baer and Rangel, 2001). When considering overall subjects for this thesis, the authors wanted to go in depth and mien at the development of emerging markets as these are becoming more and more important in the global economy. During the first years of the study program, the primary(prenominal) focus was on Asia and the development of important economies such as China and India. Therefore, we wanted 7 o focus on a different, but just as important kingdom. South America, and in particular Brazil has shown to be an important player in the international economy, which makes it an interesting market to investigate. 1. 2 Problem specification The aim of this thesis is to investigate the effects globalization has had on Brazil in terms of economic, political and social development. This is a major toil and it looks some(prenominal) at how globalization has affected the Brazilian economy and the role of Brazil in the world economy on one side, and the people of Brazil on the other.To do this one will have to look at many different aspects of the terra firma and its role within the world. The specific and interesting episodes from the countrys economic and political history to what role Brazil plays in the world economy, and also the magnificence of the Brazilian market in the world is worth noticing. What also crepuscules under(a) this theme is FDI in Brazil, since globalization often starts with the openi ng up of domestic markets to the global economy.How is the inflow of FDI in Brazil and how has it veritable during the while of liberalization? By looking into the wave of FDI-inflow in Brazil during the past decades, it will be investigated how the economic dimension of globalization has affected the political and the social social structure in the Brazilian economy. It is also interesting to look at how higher FDI-inflows in Brazil has affected the poverty and the income inequalities, i. e. if the economic dimension of globalization has helped Brazil to develop socially.Our research question is as follows By investigating the previous and current economical, political and social conditions in Brazil, we want to find out how it has developed during the globalization, as well as what globalization has offered. 1. 3 Delimitations Restrictions to this paper are necessary due to the scope of the paper and the limit of time. As the topic is very broad it has been necessary to narro w it down to a specific period of time. The thesis aims to investigate how the new globalization process in Brazil has affected the economic, political and social structure in the country.At first a definition of globalization and how globalization has affected Brazil is necessary to snip the outline of the thesis. It is also necessary with an overall background of Brazil in terms of historical, economical, political and social development. To be able to make a significationful summary of the globalization process 8 in Brazil the time limit is important. Hence, the paper aims to take a look at the recent globalization process in Brazil, starting in the beginning of the 1990s until today.The thesis aims to bring up the problems Brazil was facing in the beginning of the 1990s, the introduction of the Real Plan, the political development during this period and the social structures in Brazil. In addition to this, the authors will make connections amidst the economic development and social development in the country, to see if on that point is a relationship betwixt higher FDI- prizes, which derived from a liberalization of the Brazilian market, and social conditions such as poverty and income dispersion.Hence, the thesis aims to link economical, political and social development in Brazil and idlernot be used for commandization to other countries. The limitation regarding the time period is necessary in this paper, but it might have dismissed different interesting topics that could have added look on to our research. 1. 4 Methodology approach This thesis aims to explain how globalization has affected the economic, political and social structure in Brazil. The first objective lens is to explain and define important and commonly used terms such as economic, political and social globalization.Since a main part of the thesis is based on the economic history and development of Brazil, it is signifi screwt to define important terms. The thesis approaches t he research question primarily with an explanatory approach. An explanatory study is better(p) suited because the paper aims to understand how the globalization has affected the economical, political and social development in Brazil. The close of explanatory research is to go beyond the traditional descriptive designs of the positivist approach to provide meaning as well as description.The purpose of explanatory research is broader than descriptive research it is conducted to build theories and predict events. Objectives for explanatory research include explaining why some phenomenon occurred as well as interpreting a cause-and-effect relationship between two or more variables (McNabb, 2008100). In this paper there will be conducted an analysis of the effect the globalization process has had on Brazil and how the country has developed during the past two decades.The research design has furthermore been of quantitative nature, using already existing research papers from organizatio ns such as the United Nations (UN), the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). In the accruement of quantitative data such as FDI-rates, poverty rates and income 9 distribution, The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the IMF websites have been helpful sources. The authors aim to use secondary data as the main source of information.For this type of research approach the authors believe that using secondary data is sufficient for respond our research question. In this thesis the aim is to use existing theories and data to analyze. Most of the data has been store through research and an extensive use of journal articles and reports from reliable sources. Hence, the authors are not aiming to explore new theories. 1. 5 Literature review and previous research The lit this thesis is based on has been gathered from various sources, which are considered recognized and reliable.The authors have use d various literary productionss within the subject of international business. particularised literature well-nigh immaterial direct investment and globalization has been used to get a broad understanding concerning the chosen subject. The authors have been aiming at finding as recent literature as doable to get reliable information. Inspiration from respected newspapers such as The Financial Times and The Economist has turn out to be helpful when exploring the subject of globalization in Brazil. Within the subject of globalization, there seem to exist different literature and well-k today and respected authors.One of these is Jagdish Baghwati, who is a professor of economics at Columbia University and known for his research within international trade. His book In Defense of Globalization (2004) has proven helpful in the research to get a better understanding of why globalization is positive for the world. Another important person within the liberal approach is Axel Dreher, a G erman economist known for the KOF Index of Globalization. This indicant measures mainly three dimensions of globalization the economic, political and social dimension, which has been used as a measurement of globalization in this thesis.The literature is mainly specialist literature about globalization, both pro and con. For the background part, literature about Brazilian history has been gathered from recognized sources such as Science Direct and Business Source Premier, which are recommended by the CBS library. The authors have also found books on Brazilian history and the development of the Brazilian economy to be reliable sources as they have been written by respected professors at well-known universities. 10 When analyzing income inequality and trade liberalization, a report written by Bergh and Nilsson has been very helpful.According to this article, there is a positive link between income inequality and trade liberalization, but only for certain types of reforms. These are t rade liberalization, deregulation of product and labor markets and economic globalization such as inflow and flight of FDI. 1. 6 Structure This thesis consists of ten chapters. After a brief introduction where the problem is discussed and specified, the methodological analysis approach and the delimitations are presented. Chapter two is mainly a globalization chapter where a definition of globalization is introduced.Since globalization can be measurable in many different ways, a presentation of the measurements is made in section 2. 2 to 2. 5. In chapter three, the social development of Brazil will be assessed. In chapter four, the economic and political history of Brazil will be presented. Here, the authors will review the history of Brazils economic and political development with focus on the different plans such as The Real Plan and The Cruzado Plan, but also development in terms of economic growth such as GDP.In chapter five, the authors will evaluate Brazil as a BRIC-country , trying to get a better understanding of why Brazil has had such a strong growth the last decades and what this means to Brazil. In chapters 6 through 8 an analysis of how Brazil has been affected by globalization in terms of economic, political and social aspects will be conducted, and a discussion on this will follow in chapter 9. In the last chapter there will be a conclusion on the findings. 2. Globalization 2. 1 Definition of globalizationAn extensive amount of research has been done within the field of describing globalization. According to a report from the OECD the term globalization refers to the dynamic and two-dimensional process of economic integration within a country and can be explained by the position that national resources are becoming more and more internationally mobile. Furthermore, globalization has for a long time been used to describe the increasing internationalization of financial markets and the different markets of goods and services.There are mainly t hree forces that are contributing to the process of globalization and these are the liberalization of crown movements, the opening of global markets to trade and 11 investment, and the increasing use of information and communication technologies. Governments and international organizations have also played a very important role in the globalization of the world economy. The WTO has for example helped with making global markets more open by reducing trade barriers such as tariffs through trade negotiations, while the IMF has worked to ensure a smooth international monetary system.Also the OECD has played an important role by liberalizing heavy(p) movements. The globalization in terms of trade in goods and services is opening up new and important markets in the world. In terms of financial markets, the increasing trade has triggered a growth in investments abroad and movements in chief city over seas (OECD Handbook on Economic Globalization Indicators, 2005). As mentioned before, there are many pros and cons to globalization. Authors such as Jagdish Bhagwati and Martin Wolf argue that globalization provides economic, political and social bring ins for the people in the orld. Free markets denote voluntary exchange and the allocation of goods harmonize to supply and film, where success and failure in the market is based on effort and talents. The ones that are skeptic to globalization fear that unfairness between people such as income inequalities and higher poverty rates will rise when the globalization process heats up. According to these people, globalization will hinder economic and social development in growing countries because it takes away the independence of governments to act in the peoples interests (de Soysa and Vadlamannati, 2011).It seems appropriate to take a brief look at globalization versus internationalization. Although it seems like two quite similar concepts, there are important differences between globalization and internationalization . It can be said internationalization is a phenomenon that is older than globalization. It is important to note how globalization is different from internationalization. According to Daly, internationalization refers to the increasing importance of international trade, international relations, treaties, alliances, etc.Inter-national means between or among nations. The nation ashes the basic unit, even as relations among nations become increasingly necessary and important (Daly, 1999). According to Petrella, the internationalization of economy and society refers to the ensemble of flows of exchanges of raw materials, semi-finished and finished products and services, money, ideas and people between two or more nation-states. The mist visible instruments that are used to measure and monitor the nature, scope and direction of internationalization is 12 rade and world movement statistics. In modern capitalist economy, internationalization took shape through the conquest of colonies an d the rise of mercantilism. George Modelski used the term globalization in 1972 to refer explicitly to the European-lead expansion to gain control over the communities in the world and integrate these into one global trading system. The pattern and degree of internationalization has changes over the centuries as old powers have declined and new ones emerged with different interests and strategies (Petrella, 199663). Globalization is as mentioned more recent phenomenon. Therefore, the forms and processes occurring are more difficult to capture in a single sentence. In short, globalization refers to the global economic integration of many formerly national economies into one global economy mainly by free trade and free capital mobility (Daly, 1999). Petrella lists some of the principal characteristics of globalization. He mentions that there is a globalization of financial markets and there is a transformation of consumption patterns into cultural products with oecumenical consumer m arkets.There is globalization of financial markets and there is a fall role of national governments in designing the rules for global governance (Petrella, 199664). The one factor that has changed more than others is about the effect of globalization. For example, the production of wealth in countries such as Germany, France, Japan or Costa Rica is no longer dependent upon the performance of their local firms in local technology, capital and labour markets, but sooner on those firms which are increasingly part of global networks of financial and industrial corporations.They respond to strategic interests that are not bound to their own countrys national postulate and they are even more dependent on technology designed, produced and transformed everywhere in the world, on capital made addressable at the global and world level, which is confirmed by the fast growing globalization of financial and capital markets. They are also increasingly dependent on highly hot labour, not nece ssarily teach in their own country (Petrella, 199668). One can say that internationalization is a predecessor to globalization.Internationalization seems like a Western phenomenon, the Western states were trading only with each other at some point and now the whole world is trading with each other. Globalization reaches wider than internationalization, and it also grasps a larger part of the world. More countries are involved in the global process it does not only include the more developed countries. Today globalization is hard to avoid and it affects people around the world on a daily basis. 13According to economists David Dollar and Aart Kray, globalization has since 1980 fetchd to a reduction in poverty as well as a reduction in global income inequality (Dollar and Kray, 2001). However, studies have shown that a number of people in different countries hold the view that the benefits and burdens of the economic developments of the last few years have not been shared fairly. In developed countries, those who have this view of unfairness are more likely to say that globalization is growing too quickly- especially in Germany, France, South Korea, Japan and Italy.In some developing countries, in contrast, those who descry such unfairness are more likely to say that globalizations is proceeding too slowly. These countries include Tur anchor, Indonesia, The Philippines, Kenya, Brazil, Mexico and the primeval America countries. When working on raising living standards throughout the world it is important to attain a climate that enables countries to realize maximum benefits from globalization (BBC World Service Poll). According to Wolf, liberal globalization is a movement in the direction of greater integration, as both natural and man made barriers to international economic exchange continue to fall.The increased impact of economic changes in one part of the world on what happens in the others is a natural and necessary consequence. In the question of the e ffect of globalization one has to consider what has happened within developing countries and high-income countries separately. Critics say that globalization only benefits the rich countries. An important term is capitalism and the relationship between capitalism, inequality and globalization. Does capitalism benefit all and does it lead to less inequality within societies? When looking briefly at this the focus will be on Latin America as a region. 14 Figure 1. Liberal apitalism, inequality and wel removede states. Source Schneider and Soskice, 2009 Capitalism is a social formation in which markets and commodity production are pervasive, including capital markets and labour markets. Capitalism is considered to be the most dynamic economic system in economic history. Its driving logic involves the expansion and diversification of bigeminal markets (Hodgson, 2003). Liberal capitalism has an impact on both the market distribution of income through labour markets, and on redistributio n and the welfare state through the preferences of middle class voters, and business on the political system.With capitalism comes a greater demand for skilled labour, which leads to a higher educated middle class. More middle class investment in the education system leads to inequality of education outcomes. This increase in education has had a major impact on labour. The focus is now on general skills, which rewards general education. However, this penalizes those with low educational competences, which in turn will lead to a more inegalitarian income distribution. Liberal capitalism leads to weaker unions since the society becomes more individualistic and no one wants to share their wealth.The median voter from the middle-class does not want a welfare state because recipients of welfare state benefits are the poor. According to Schneider and Soskice, capitalism leads to demand for general skilled labour, which leads to increased inequalities and a minimal welfare state. 15 Keyne s draws precaution to the disadvantages for demand-led economic development as a head of great inequality in distribution. Too wide a distribution recess results in the rich increasingly saving up their income instead of spending it for investment purposes, while the poor lack sufficient income and thus also purchasing power.This will lead to a decline in the general demand for investment and consumer goods and thus growth will be limited (Eissel, 2008). Research has shown that capitalism does not benefit all. Inequality has increased among what the World Bank calls the new globalizers, its twenty-four countries with an aggregate population of close to three billion people (Wolf, 2004167). According to the World Bank, the new globalizers have approximately doubled their ratio of trade to GDP. These countries include India and China.On the other hand, about 2 billion people live in developing countries that are trading less today than they did twenty years ago (Soubbotina, 200484) . It has been argued that trade helps growth and that the poor tend to share in equal proportions with the rich in any rise in ensuant incomes. It has also been argued on the contrary, that inequality rises initially with growth, before declining once again. The evidence suggests modest widening in inequality in growing economies (Wolf, 2004167,168). According to Leiva, three decades of neoliberal labour policies in Latin America have failed to deliver the promised results.Neoliberals sees the opening of the economy to international competition, deregulated labour markets and labour flexibility as a recipe for eliminating un manipulation, poverty and inequality. This is seen differently in Latin America. The expansion of capital enabled by labour market flexibility is seen as the cause, not the solution to rising poverty, inequality and unemployment in the Latin American region (Leiva, 2006). Latin America is a continent with comparatively high wages and a history of surety aimed at distributing income from the agricultural sector to the industrial working class.One would in these cases expect liberalization to create greater inequality (Wolf, 2004168). Looking at Brazil in relation to capitalism it is clear that with so many poor people and a high level of inequality, capitalism will not benefit the people that are considered poor. The people that are not able to receive an education still rely on the welfare state. In the developing countries it take longer for the poor people to see how they can benefit from capitalism and globalization. 16Globalization is reshaping how we have traditionally gone about studying the social world and tender-hearted culture. It is manifest that a field of globalization studies now is emerging across the disciplines. The globalization studies arose around sets of phenomena that drew researchers precaution from the 1970s onwards. One of them was the emergence of a globalized economy that involved new systems of production, finance and consumption and worldwide economic integration. A second one was new multinational or global cultural patterns, practices and flows, as well as the idea of global cultures.The third was global political processes, the rise of new transnational institutions and the spread of global governance and authority structures. A fourth one was the multidirectional movement of people around the world that involved new patterns of transnational migration, identities and communities. Finally, there is the phenomenon of new social hierarchies, forms of inequality and relations of domination around the world and in the global system as a whole (Robinson, 2007). The scholarly literature on the phenomena has spread, as have specific studies on the impact of globalization.The increasing literature on globalization reflects the enormity of the task of researching and theorizing the breadth, depth and pace of changes underway in human society in the early twenty-first century (Robinson, 2 007). Since this paper is an analysis of how globalization has affected the economic, political and social conditions in Brazil, it is appropriate to review the perspectives and effects of globalization. According to McGrew there are four modes of analyzing globalization. These are defensive globalism, critical globalism, post-globalism and glocalism.In the view of defensive globalism, globalization is an existing and enduring condition that is changing societies around the world. The view can be divided into liberal and transformationalist perspectives. Globalization is generally seen, in the liberal view, as a benign process that has continuities with the past and historical changes. It is primarily economic in nature and leads to increasing integration through the market and technology. Liberal theorists Martin Wolf and Jagdish Bhagwati emphasize how globalization is re-structuring the world economy.As trade has become more open and there is now a transnationalization of producti on, this creates a new world division of labour. This facilitates the rise of new economic powers such as China, India and Brazil. The liberals show awareness to the fact that there are problems associated with globalization, and they adopt the view that it can be made to function better (McGrew, 2007). 17 The transformationalist position is that globalization is unique in history and that it involves much more than economic changes. There are benefits to globalization, but there are also problems such as great inequality in and across societies (McGrew, 2007).Castells argues that economic globalization is associated with a divided world, as the gap between the rich and poor widens, whilst much of humanity remains on the margins or is excluded from its benefits (Castells, 2000). Critical globalism takes on a critical view of globalization because it is associated with the extension and transnationalization of power. Theorists say that a new globalized social formation is in the maki ng, which, according to critical globalist theory, requires new ways of thinking about and acting in the world.Post-globalism says that globalization never occurred or that it is in decline or dis poping. Due to the fact that borders of nation-states are being reasserted, as is the case with the border of United States and Mexico, and nationalism is being revived, this can be seen as involving deglobalization. This view is under the impression that the whole idea of globalization has been oversold as a description of social reality, an explanation of social change and as and ideology of social progress. Glocalism is the final mode of analysis.Holton argues that there is an interpenetration between the local and the global that has to be observed. He says that the global and the national or local may under certain circumstances depend on each other (Holton, 2005). According to Brenner, global and local cannot simply be dissolved into one another due to the fact that they retain their distinctive forms (Brenner, 2004). Hence, the explanation of one needs an account of the other (McGrew, 2007). It is obvious from these modes of analysis that different theorists have different views on the impact of globalization and what its implications are. . 2 Measuring globalization There are many different ways to measure globalization and the effects of it. A proxy often used for globalization is trade openness, which can be measured as total trade of GDP, FDI and portfolio investments. However, trade openness can be influenced by location of a country and main course to the sea, which is important to take into consideration. Many efforts have been made to measure and quantify globalization, but the most common ways of measuring it is to split globalization into economic, political and social dimensions.According to the KOF Index, developed by Axel Dreher, these three measures are used. The advantage of using Drehers three dimensions for globalization is that it is the most 18 blanket(prenominal) measure, not only taking the trade openness into consideration but also the political and social structure. By looking at Axel Drehers index of globalization, we have decided to use the following as a measurement for globalization and the effects of it (see appendix 1).Economic globalization This dimension consists of two dimensions, actual capital inflows that measure the extent to which a country is exposed to foreign capital and trade with the world including income payments to foreign nationals. The second part of the economic globalization consists of restrictions of capital and trade flows, which work as obstacles to market access. Political globalization Measures the degree of a countrys political integration. For example it measures diplomatic relations with the rest of the world and international relations.Social globalization Indicators on social globalization can be for example poverty, unemployment and income distribution. pickings Drehers global ization index into consideration, we have decided to look at how the economic dimension of globalization has affected the political and social dimension. As proxy for economic globalization, we will look at FDI-inflows in Brazil from 1990 until today. After this, a review of the political landscape in Brazil will be made, telling us a little bit about what happened in Brazil during these years.Furthermore, as proxies for social globalization we will use poverty rates and income distribution, as these two measurements can say a lot about how the peoples welfare in Brazil has developed during the recent era of globalization. 2. 3 The economic dimension of globalization FDI remains a key element in the chop-chop developing globalization process and it provides means for creating direct, stable and long-lasting links between economies. FDI can also serve as an important vehicle for local attempt development, and it may also help discover the competitive position in the receiving econ omy.FDI encourages the transfer of technology and know-how between countries, and it provides an opportunity for the host economy to hike up its products more widely in international markets. Additionally, FDI has a positive 19 effect on the development of international trade (OECD Handbook on Economic Globalization Indicators, 2005). FDI plays an important and growing role in international business since it can provide a firm with new markets and marketing channels, access to new technology, products, skills and financing, as well as cheaper production facilities.For a host country or foreign firm that receives the investment, it can provide a source of new technologies, processes, capital products and counseling skills, which in turn can provide a strong impetus to economic development (Graham and Spaulding, 2004). The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) has delineate FDI as an investment made to acquire lasting interest in enterprisingnesss direct out side of the economy of the investor. In cases of FDI, the investors purpose is to gain an effective voice in the forethought of the enterprise.The foreign entity or group of associated entities that makes the investment is termed the direct investor. Another important term is direct investment enterprise, which refers to the unincorporated or incorporated enterprise-a branch or subsidiary, respectively, in which direct investment is made. several(prenominal) degree of equity ownership is almost always considered to be associated with an effective voice in the management of the enterprise. The Balance of Payments Manual, which has been developed by the IMF, suggests a verge of 10 percent of equity to ownership to qualify an investor as a foreign direct investor.This is the level of participation at or above which the direct investor is normally considered as having an effective say in the management of the enterprise involved. However, countries differ in the threshold value for fo reign equity ownership, which is seen as evidence of a direct investment relationship. As mentioned it is suggested to be at 10 percent for FDI, for data on the operation of Transnational Corporations (TNC) it involves chosen ranges of between 10 and 50 percent. Countries that do not specify a threshold point rely entirely on other evidence.This included the companies own assessments as to whether the investing company has an effective voice in the foreign firm in which it has an equity stake. The quantitative impact of differences in the threshold value used is relatively small, owing to the large proportion of FDI, which is directed to the majority-owned foreign affiliates. It is necessary to define which capital flows between the enterprise and entities in other economies should be classified as FDI, once a direct investment enterprise has been identified.Only capital that is provided by the direct investor either directly or through other enterprises related to the investor shou ld be classified as FDI, since the main feature of FDI is 20 taken to be the lasting interest of a director investor in an enterprise. Equity capital, the provision of long-term and short-term intra-company loans (between parent and affiliate enterprises) and the reinvestment of earnings are the forms of investment by the direct investor, which are classified as FDI.To get a deeper understanding for FDI one need to understand the difference between FDI and other types of investments. Direct investors have different investments motives than investors in portfolio investments. Investors that invest in FDI intend to have a long-term relationship with the foreign company to enable them to have a significant influence on their management. Portfolio investors or other investors may also have a long-term outlook, but they have no intention of establishing a long-term relationship with the management of the foreign company in question.Portfolio investors either invest a relatively small am ount in the vote shares of the foreign company or acquire other types of claims in the foreign company (UNCTAD, 2009). In the past decade, FDI has come to play a major role in the internationalization of business. New information technology systems and decline in global communication costs have made management of foreign investments far easier than in the past. Proponents of foreign investment emphasize that the exchange of investment flows benefits both the home and host country (Graham and Spaulding, 2004). . 4 The political dimension of globalization The political dimension of globalization is all about the political forces that shape the waves of globalization in a country. Political decisions such as openness to trade, income distribution and social status in international organizations are all things that might affect the way globalization hits a country and its people. According to Acemoglu and Yared, openness to globalization is the same(p) as openness to trade, and how op en a country chooses to be to foreign investments is mainly a decision that the government takes.This means that changes in the political atmosphere can change the whole process of globalization for a country. They also state that countries that are experiencing greater militarization and those countries witnessing greater militarization among their trading partners have seen smaller increases in trade over the past 20 years. This means that political changes and a strong military could be a reason for a smaller increase and exposure to the globalization.Political integration is a dimension of the globalization process that binds states together through zygomorphous contact and as members of international organizations. A higher participation from one country in global 21 politics, closer the political ties between governments and lead to greater cooperation. The political integration within a country is definitely a reason for the welfare of the people of the state (Acemoglu and Y ared, 2010). The political dimension of globalization has been discussed in the globalization literature ever since globalization was discovered.The emphasis has been on the decline of the nationstate under the impact of global forces. When globalization increases, boundaries are becoming smaller and borders are erased. For some, the process of globalization has opened up new possibilities while globalization for others has lead to a loss of independence. One of the most common forms of political globalization is the worldwide spread of democracy. Democratic government exists in some form in most parts of the world and where it does not, as for example in China, there is a considerable demand for it by democratic movements.Since the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the communist regimes in Europe after 1991, democracy has become the universally acceptable form of government (Delanty and Rumford, 2007). Taking Drehers measurements of globalization into consideration, polit ical globalization can be measured as a degree of a countrys political integration. To analyze the impact of it, one can analyze the political forces that have affected the growth in the country in question. Political globalization can also be measured by diplomatic relations with the rest of the world and international relations.Hence, a good way of assessing this way of globalization would be to look at a countrys integration with the rest of the world as for example membership in international organizations, but also to look at what forces that has been behind a countrys decision to open up its markets to trade (Dreher, 2006). According to the WTO Trade Policy Review, globalization is making all nations increasingly independent, which means that the world needs better global rules, policies and institutions that ensure that globalization does not lead to larger inequalities around the world.People experience both opportunities and problems with an increasingly interconnected worl d, and the importance of politics and stable institutions is increasing. Policies within nations continue to be a key factor in determining whether or not countries and people benefit from globalization. According to the report, globalization leads to economic adjustment in all countries, both industrialized and developing. New economic opportunities emerge, but they may demand new skills and may also appear in new locations.Relocation of production between countries can destroy jobs in one place and create employment in others. Whole regions where production is concentrated in declining sectors suffer, while other sectors 22 benefit from new opportunities. The whole role of the political dimension of globalization is that governments need to manage these changes in coordination with key actors to support adjustment and new opportunities and to protect citizens from insecurity. The challenges are especially important in many of the developing countries, where unstable institutions and infrastructure are key problems.The basis for good governance is a well-functioning democratic political system that ensures representative and honest governments that are responsive to the needs of the people, which means more than just retentiveness of regular and free elections. It also involves respect for the human rights of the people, and involves basic civil rights such as exemption of expression. Financial liberalization exposes countries to greater risks of economic fluctuations, and can be especially devastating when a financial crisis occurs.This risk requires a strengthening of the role of the government in providing social protection for the people. At the same time as globalization create new jobs it can also relocate jobs, which mean that some people get new jobs while other people lose theirs. This effect on employment emphasizes the need for stronger people that can only contribute and benefit from globalization if they are endowed with familiarity skills and values and with the capabilities and rights necessary to pursue their basic needs. They need employment and incomes, and a healthy environment.These are the necessary conditions that empower them to lead a self-determined, decent life, and to embark fully as citizens in their local, national and global communities. These goals, which are at the heart of the Millennium Declaration1, can only be reached if national governments ensure a good education, basic infrastructure and the environment needed to create the institutional fabric for it (World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization, 2004). 2. 5 The social dimensions of globalizationOne can say that there are people that benefit from globalization while others do not. Globalization has by critics been called a global apartheid, with increasing inequalities and huge contrasts between those who benefit from it and those who do not. As an example of this, one can take Bill Gates, who earned one hundred twenty million USD per day in 1999 while 1. 3 billion people still live on less than one USD per day. Another example is the industrial countries, 1 The Millennium Declaration was adopted in 2000 by all 189 member states of the UN General Assembly.The Declaration sets out within a single framework the key challenges facing humanity at the threshold of the new millennium, outlines a response to these challenges, and establishes concrete measures for judge performance through a set of inter-related commitments, goals and targets on development, governance, peace, security and human rights. (http//www. undg. org/index. cfm? P=70) 23 which have 88 percent of all Internet users while 2 billion people do not even have access to electricity.At the same time, it is important to remember that globalization provides opportunities for human development (The Social Dimensions of Globalization, 2000). The social dimension of globalization refers to the impact globalization has on the life of the people in th e country. Concerns are often raised about the impact globalization has on employment, working conditions, income and social protection. The social dimension of globalization also includes security, culture and identity. These will however, not be assessed as measurements in this paper (International advertize Organization).There are no doubts that globalization brings potential for development and wealth creation. But there are many different views and perceptions among people as people are concerned about its economic and social impact. some(prenominal) argue that the present model of globalization has created problems such as unemployment, inequality and poverty, while others argue that globalization helps to reduce these regainings. These problems predated globalization of course, but it is clear that for globalization to be politically and economically sustainable, it must contribute to their reduction.Hence, the goal of globalization is what meets the needs of all people (I nternational Labour Organization). While some people benefits from the waves of globalization, others suffer from it. Concerns about increasing income inequalities in the world have become more and more widespread over the past 20 years. Rising income inequality does not generate concern only in the high-income countries, but also in emerging markets where fast growth has led to concerns about growing income differences.To be able to make an analysis of income distribution, inequalities and poverty, it is necessary to distinguish between these terms since they are often confused. According to Duncan, there is no doubt that between the richest and the poorest countries the gap in average incomes has been growing for the last decades. But, one must also consider that many of the poorest countries some decades ago, does not count as one of the poorest countries today. It is also important, according to him, that global welfare should be measured in terms of people, not countries.China and India together, for example, account for close to one-half of the worlds population. Both countries have been increasing the per capita GDP very quickly in recent years, much faster than the high-income countries. Within developing countries, research has not been able to find any dogmatic relationship between economic growth and changes in income inequality. Within globalization and inequality, it is interesting to look at what role globalization played in 24 changes in income inequality. Most research on this issue has been concentrated in recent years on the changes in income inequality in the high-income countries.The focus has been on whether the widening wage gap in the US or the increasing unemployment in the EU is due to increased imports of labour-intensive goods from developing countries (Duncan, 2000). Poverty, on the other hand, as a public concern is now widely considered to be a multidimensional problem, whether it is at the global, national or community level. A ccording to Lister, how we define poverty is critical to political, policy and academic debates about the concept (Lister, 200412). Three alternative conceptions of poverty have evolved as a basis for international and comparative work since the 1880s.The ideas of subsistence, basic needs and relative departure is what they principally depend on. These ideas have influenced scientific practice as well as international and national policies for over 100 years (Chambers, 2006). The organization distinguishes between absolute and overall poverty. Absolute poverty has been defined as a condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food for thought, safe intoxication water, sanitation facilities, health shelter, education and information.It depends not only on income but also on access to services. Overall poverty is defined as lack of income and productive resources to ensure sustainable livelihoods hunger and malnutrition ill health limited or lack o f access to education and other basic services increased morbidity and mortality from illness homelessness and inadequate housing unsafe environments and social discrimination and exclusion. It is also characterized by lack of participation in decision-making and in civil social and cultural life. Overall poverty occurs in all countries, and can be recognized as for example loss of lives as a result of economic recession, sudden poverty as a result of a war, poverty of lowwage workers and humans that fall outside of family support systems, social institutions and safety nets (Gordon, 2005). The UN agreed upon this definition in 1995, however, in 1998, the organization introduced a new definition that does not distinguish the different levels of poverty. The UN now has the following definition of poverty Fundamentally, poverty is a denial of choices and opportunities, a violation of human dignity.It means lack of basic capacity to participate effectively in society. It means not havi ng enough to feed and cloth a family, not having a school or clinic to go to, not having the land on which to grow ones food or a job to earn ones living, not having access to credit. It means insecurity, powerlessness and exclusion of individuals, households and communities. It means susceptibility to violence, 25 and it often implies living on marginal or fragile environments, without access to clean water or sanitation (Gordon, 2005).As mentioned above, poverty can be divided into absolute and relative poverty. But, it can also be divided into new and old poverty. Old poverty is when people have a lack of food and basic services as medicine and education. New poverty is drug addiction, violence at home, family break down and environmental degradation. According to The Economist, the problems of new poverty are more complex than the problems of old poverty because they often occur in big, fast growing cities particularly in developing countries (The Economist).Poverty is a phenome non that has to be understood as a painful reality experienced by millions of human beings and as a construction of competing conceptualizations, definitions and measures (Lister, 200436). What we see from the definitions is that people are in poverty when they are deprived of income and other resources needed to obtain the conditions of life that enable them to play the roles and participate in the relationships and customs of their society (Townsend, 2006).Income inequality is usually measured by the Gini coefficient one of the most commonly used proxies of economic inequality. For a completely equal income distribution in which the whole population has the same income, the Gini coefficient will be 0, while a value of 1 indicates that all incomes in a country are concentrated to one single person (The World Bank). 3. Social development in Brazil 3. 1 Overview According to Maluf and Burlundy, Brazil can be classified as a large middle income country.The condition of being a large country is an important differentiating factor with implications in terms of socioeconomic patterns, international relations and institutional capacities. A country is usually considered large when it possesses a high population from the economic viewpoint this factor is convey in the size of the domestic market, which increases the possibility of diversification in the productive base. In addition to population, a second variable to consider is the countrys geographic scale, a feature that is receiving 26 ncreasing attention not only because of issues related to spatial distribution of people and infrastructure, but also the implications in terms of the availability of natural resources, regional diversity and the need for decentralized strategies, among other questions. Here, the classification middle income differentiates economically those countries grouped under the euphemism of developing countries, where the income level clearly shows an intermediary condition between the d eveloped countries and the other nations making up the periphery of the global economic system.It may be presumed that large middle- income countries possess a distinct institutional capacity across the various areas of public action (Maluf and Burlundy, 2007). Generally, the evolution of poverty, especially in Latin America, depends on three elements the level of inequality, the variation in this level and the economys rate of growth. Even if the country displays a more pronounced economic dynamism, which is measured by the GDP growth rate, the conversion of the latter into greater social equity depends on the existing level of inequality and the bankers acceptance of measures to reduce it.In Brazil, the persistence of absolute poverty is largely the result of the well-known inequality in the distribution of income. Poverty levels are more sensitive to alterations in levels of inequality than the variations in economic growth (Maluf and Burlundy, 2007). A term that describes the s ocial conditions in Brazil in quite a way is inequality. When looking at the social development of the country it is important to understand why Brazil has become such an inadequate society even though it is such a large economy.To understand the current gap between the rich and poor in Brazil, one has to look at the socio-historical factors. According to a report by the World Bank written in the late 80s, Brazil has one of the most unequal distributions of national income in the world. Glaring disparities in the living standards, health status and educational attainment of different segments of its population have persisted despite several decades of remarkable economic growth (Bruns and McGreevey, 1988). This has not changed.According to Beghin, Brazil is still one of the most unequal nations in the world, although it is one of the wealthiest (Beghin, 2008). It has high levels of social spending compared to other developing countries, measured as a share of GNP and of total public spending (Hunter and Sugiyama, 2009). This year, Brazil was ranked as the eighth largest economy in the world, surpassing Italy (DR, 2011). Despite the size of the economy, the income distribution is unequal to such an extent that it can be compared to some of the poorest African countries such as Sierra Leone, Lesotho and Namibia (Beghin, 27 008). In Brazil, the richest one percent of the population less than 2 million people have 13 percent of all household income. This percentage is similar to that of the poorest 50 percent, about 80 million Brazilians. This inequality results in poverty levels that are inconsistent with an economy the size of that of Brazil. Also, 30,3 percent of the population, 54 million people, are considered poor, and within this group, 20 million people, 11,5 percent of the population, are ranked as extremely poor (Beghin, 2008).Brazils high incidence of poverty, low educational achievement, and middling health indicators explain why it ranked 73th glob ally in overall human development in 2010 (UNDP, 2010). 3. 2 A historical perspective The main reason why so many Brazilian families are living in poverty is not a general lack of resources, but rather their distribution. Inequalities and poverty in contemporary democracies result from tensions between the ethical requirements related to rights and the irresponsible of economic efficacy between the legal order that promises equality and the reality of exclusion brought about by the exercise of power.Back in time, in many western countries, there came a time when social disparities were so extreme that society mobilized g